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I mean you came in if you didn't grab

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one there are pictures

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tonight's picture is of the Crab Nebula

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and that parentheses says m1 which means

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it's the first object in Charles Messier

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's catalogue of things that aren't

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comets because he didn't care about all

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these wonderful nebulae and galaxies

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that he found he actually cared about

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looking for comets this is the very

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first object in Messier x' catalog if

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you wanted to know more about it well

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i'll tell you a little bit more in the

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new summary and you can read on the back

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about it okay but if you didn't grab one

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on the way and please grab one on the

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way out tonight's talk will be amber

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Straughn from NASA Goddard telling us

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about dark energy in new worlds

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NASA's W first mission this is a sneak

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preview of astronomy that will be coming

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in the next decade or so

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all right coming up on July our July

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talk was normally be on July 4th we are

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not going to do that instead we're doing

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it on the new week after and our speaker

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to fit his schedule we're putting it on

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a Monday not a Tuesday Monday night same

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time eight o'clock same place right here

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how to find an inhabited exoplanet if

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that's not an intriguing title I don't

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know what could be okay

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David Charbonneau from the Harvard

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University in August we go back to our

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standard first Tuesday with a really

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cool talk I'm very much looking forward

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to this

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Courtney McManus is talking on the view

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from Mission Operations one of the cool

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things you get by coming to the Space

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Telescope Science Institute is yes we

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give you all this wonderful science but

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we also can give you the background the

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details what's happening behind the

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scenes so this is definitely a

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behind-the-scenes talk and I haven't

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heard Courtney's speak before but

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everybody tells me she's really

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wonderful and she has a great

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perspective yes Karen's giving me the

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thumbs up there so please come and

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August in September Nolan Walborn who

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has spoken every other year for me he's

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a wonderful reliable speaker for the

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public lecture series he's talking about

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active

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luminous blue variables that's an

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intriguing title I'll tell you more

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about that next month you want to find

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out our list you go to our website go

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into your favorite search engine put

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Space Telescope public lecture in and

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you'll find this webpage where we have

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the list of the upcoming lectures we

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have the links to watch it live on the s

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Space Telescope webcasting as well as on

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our hubble site YouTube you can watch

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the past lectures we have recorded these

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lectures since 2005 that's 12 years of

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astronomical goodness

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you have to review it'll take if you

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want to binge watch it may take you more

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than a weekend okay we have several

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seasons out there and you can also sign

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up for our email announcements I checked

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for I had to do a report and we have

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over 550 people on our email list so

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lots of people a lot of you have signed

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up for our email announcements okay

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alright speaking of the announcements

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sign up at the website you can do this

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but yeah it's much easier just through

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the website if you would like to contact

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us and send us email ask us questions

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you got a suggestion for an amazing

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speaker or something send email to

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public lecture at STScI dot edu you can

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also follow us on social media we have

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facebook we have two Twitter accounts we

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have Google+ we have Pinterest and maybe

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a few other things that I'm not quite

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aware of but I have to update this

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because I know we're starting a new push

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in social media next month so and by

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August I'll have a slightly revised

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version of this slide not this part

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because this is all I do i do my blog I

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do a little bit of Facebook a little bit

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of Google+ and a little bit of Twitter

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so don't expect me to be tweeting 20

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times a day

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the observatory I think the weather is

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permitting I didn't get an email but if

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weather is permitting the Rini will be

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here at 9 o'clock and watch the last

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part of Amber's talk and take you across

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the street to look through this which is

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the

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Maryland Space Grant Observatory okay so

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make sure I don't forget about this at

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the end somebody wave at me and say

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Frank don't forget the observatory

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because it's easy once we're over on a

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roll with all the cool questions people

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ask all right and now news from the

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universe for June 2017

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our first story tonight the final

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frontier fields so Hubble has started as

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it's going these projects called

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Treasury programs these are very large

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projects projects it would never get

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funded for this amount of Hubble time

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unless there was a special program

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saying hey yes you can have hundreds of

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orbits of Hubble time and one of the

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ones we've been talking about the past

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couple years is called the frontier

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fields it's a very ambitious program to

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look at six galaxy clusters okay and

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these are they see these red squares

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here those are the six galaxy clusters

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and these are some of the most massive

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galaxy clusters in the universe so

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massive that they produce the effect of

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gravitational lensing okay and so we

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look into these galaxy clusters to see

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examples of gravitational lensing which

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I'll show you in just a second but they

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can also observe at the exact same time

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these blue fields which will be some

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parallel fields to them and we call them

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the parallels but they are also deep

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fields like the Hubble Deep Field the

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Hubble extreme deep field etc they are

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very deep looks at the universe and when

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we look at these small deep fields we

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get a very small patch of the sky one

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Hubble pointing is about 112 millionth

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of the entire night sky and so you need

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a lot of these deep fields to add up the

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statistics to understand the deep

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universe so the frontier fields was this

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ambitious project to really study these

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galaxy clusters as well as study the

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deep fields and they've released oh and

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over the years they've released five of

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these galaxy clusters and just a few

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months ago we released

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number six this is the galaxy cluster

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called a bell 370 okay and all of these

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white objects in here are the galaxies

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of the cluster and their combined mass

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warps the space and produces

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gravitational lensing and so the the the

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image of a galaxy that passes through

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this cluster gets warped and stretched

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by the galaxy cluster and one of the

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famous examples in threw a bell 370 is

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something we call the dragon okay this

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is not one not two but three images of

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the same galaxy all right you can sort

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of see it here on the tail on the head

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of the dragon you can see that looks

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sort of like a normal galaxy right but

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here's another image of it in the middle

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in the midsection that's become

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stretched out due to the gravitational

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lensing and then there's another one on

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the other end the tail of the dragon

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where you can see it's also an image of

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the galaxy cluster so the light from

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this galaxy has travelled three pass

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through the same through the cluster and

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through these three distorted images of

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this galaxy and we called the dragon

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just because it has a nice head and tail

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type type features to it and you can see

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a lot of other streaky and our key

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things through here that are other

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evidence of the gravitational lensing

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all right and so this is something that

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they're searching for very distant

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galaxies and really cool examples of

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gravitational lensing in this we're also

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looking at these deep fields and here is

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the deep field that parallels to it and

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it looks very much like the other deep

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fields and as I said this will augment

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the statistics of our understanding of

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these deep fields so this is sort of the

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announcement of that hey we've got all

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the data we haven't by any stretch of

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the imagination done all the analysis

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but we have all the data for all six

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galaxy clusters and all six deep field

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it's kind of nice that this project

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that's been going on for like three or

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four years has finally got all the data

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and of course the science that will come

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from it

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will take many many more years to

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continue to trickle out

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because we're getting lots and lots of

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science out of not just the current

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observations but also the archival

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observations from Hubble our second

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story a dramatic chromatic Crab Nebula

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now there's a reason I use this image as

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our giveaway tonight the Crab Nebula

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because this is the standard image of

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Hubble's view of a Crab Nebula -

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everyone knows it came from 2000 or 2001

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done with the white tail a wide field

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planetary camera - and it's a really

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cool image it's great and so when people

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think of Hubble's Crab Nebula this is

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what they think of but there's more that

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meets that there's more to the Crab

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Nebula than meets the eye so in this

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image we see that the different colors

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represent different specific elements

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like nitrogen or iron or sulfur or

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hydrogen very specific elements and they

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tell us what's going on for the the

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temperatures and densities that

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appropriate for the emission of those

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spectral lines but what if we went

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beyond visible light what have we looked

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at the Crab Nebula over many different

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wavelengths we would get an even greater

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view of it okay actually you know what

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there's well there's probably a bunch of

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you who don't know what the Crab Nebula

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is how many people don't know what the

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Crab Nebula is and this is one of these

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problems with being an astronomer it's

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like oh yeah the Crab Nebula the Crab

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Nebula for those who don't know and

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actually surprisingly few is a supernova

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remnant a star that exploded a thousand

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years ago chinese astronomers saw the

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explosion in actually I believe it was

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July 4th 1054 all right so that was a

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little early for Independence Day but in

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1054 they saw a guest star appear in the

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sky and it was a star that just

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basically exploded alright it blew its

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guts out into space so a thousand years

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ago this all that gas was inside a star

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and now it's a nebula that's ten years

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ten light years across okay so it's

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booming across space at millions of

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miles an hour all right so this is the

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guts of a star blown out into space

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and if this is what we see in visible

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light if we look in radio light with the

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Very Large Array we get this image and

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so these are the radio waves emitted

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from the gas that is being energized to

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MIT and radio now radio ways are

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generally the lower lowest energy that

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we look at okay so this is out here you

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00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:31,540
can see it's the out mostly the

274
00:11:38,220 --> 00:11:35,050
outskirts of the nebula we then step up

275
00:11:40,650 --> 00:11:38,230
to infrared wavelengths from the Spitzer

276
00:11:43,050 --> 00:11:40,660
Space Telescope we see this this is the

277
00:11:46,199 --> 00:11:43,060
cooler gas this is gas around a few

278
00:11:47,639 --> 00:11:46,209
hundred degrees all right 100 a few

279
00:11:49,860 --> 00:11:47,649
hundred degrees and you start to see you

280
00:11:52,290 --> 00:11:49,870
know filament the filament restructure

281
00:11:54,210 --> 00:11:52,300
if we go to the Hubble image and we just

282
00:11:55,769 --> 00:11:54,220
give it a single filter color all right

283
00:11:58,530 --> 00:11:55,779
here we're getting gas that's at

284
00:12:00,269 --> 00:11:58,540
thousands of degrees generally thousands

285
00:12:02,069 --> 00:12:00,279
are tens of thousands of degrees and you

286
00:12:05,699 --> 00:12:02,079
really see that filamentary structure

287
00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:05,709
the gas that's blown out and created all

288
00:12:11,730 --> 00:12:07,630
these beautiful filaments all right if

289
00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:11,740
we then go up to the ultraviolet now

290
00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:13,360
we're looking at gas it's tens of

291
00:12:17,550 --> 00:12:15,250
thousands to hundreds of thousands of

292
00:12:21,569 --> 00:12:17,560
degrees and you sort of see the volume

293
00:12:23,010 --> 00:12:21,579
filling inside the the filamentary

294
00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:23,020
structure that we see in visible light

295
00:12:28,530 --> 00:12:25,870
but you also start to see the appearance

296
00:12:31,850 --> 00:12:28,540
of a disc like in the center of it and

297
00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:31,860
when we go to x-rays the highest energy

298
00:12:38,220 --> 00:12:35,890
you really see that disc and so do you

299
00:12:41,310 --> 00:12:38,230
see the disc of material around this

300
00:12:44,519 --> 00:12:41,320
bright spot in the center that bright

301
00:12:47,639 --> 00:12:44,529
spot in the center is a neutron star

302
00:12:50,220 --> 00:12:47,649
it's the collapsed core of the star that

303
00:12:53,579 --> 00:12:50,230
exploded and this one happens to be

304
00:12:56,639 --> 00:12:53,589
spinning 30 times a second it's a

305
00:12:59,430 --> 00:12:56,649
millisecond pulsar and you can see this

306
00:13:01,949 --> 00:12:59,440
disc of material of material around it

307
00:13:04,560 --> 00:13:01,959
as well as what appeared to be material

308
00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:04,570
streaming out from the poles of it okay

309
00:13:09,810 --> 00:13:07,600
all right so combining all those views

310
00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:09,820
together you get the multi-wavelength

311
00:13:16,610 --> 00:13:13,120
view of the Crab Nebula and this

312
00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:16,620
includes radio infrared visible

313
00:13:22,630 --> 00:13:20,060
ultraviolet and x-ray views

314
00:13:24,790 --> 00:13:22,640
from telescopes and I think it's a

315
00:13:27,730 --> 00:13:24,800
really gorgeous image and it showed I

316
00:13:30,430 --> 00:13:27,740
think it showcases where astronomy has

317
00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:30,440
gone in the last hundred years because a

318
00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:32,450
hundred years ago we were just using

319
00:13:37,450 --> 00:13:34,730
visible light we didn't start using

320
00:13:40,390 --> 00:13:37,460
radio light until the 1930s and we have

321
00:13:42,910 --> 00:13:40,400
developed observations across the entire

322
00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:42,920
electromagnetic spectrum and here is a

323
00:13:50,110 --> 00:13:45,050
gorgeous example of it with the Crab

324
00:13:52,810 --> 00:13:50,120
Nebula the third story is yet Bohr from

325
00:13:54,910 --> 00:13:52,820
the lunatic fringe now those of you

326
00:13:57,610 --> 00:13:54,920
who've been here many times have heard

327
00:14:00,340 --> 00:13:57,620
me to discuss the lunatic fringe before

328
00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:00,350
and what I refer to when with that joke

329
00:14:06,220 --> 00:14:03,080
is first the fringe of the solar system

330
00:14:08,170 --> 00:14:06,230
so here are the orbits of Jupiter Saturn

331
00:14:10,510 --> 00:14:08,180
Uranus and Neptune okay

332
00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:10,520
and so out beyond the orbit of Neptune

333
00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:12,290
is what I'm referring to as the fringe

334
00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:14,330
of the solar system and it's a region we

335
00:14:19,330 --> 00:14:17,330
call the Kuiper belt okay and the Kuiper

336
00:14:22,780 --> 00:14:19,340
belt is something that we didn't know

337
00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:22,790
about until the 1990s we discovered

338
00:14:28,690 --> 00:14:25,130
these thousands of objects out beyond

339
00:14:30,550 --> 00:14:28,700
Neptune well except for two of them all

340
00:14:32,829 --> 00:14:30,560
right except for two of them we

341
00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:32,839
discovered thousands more objects out

342
00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:34,370
beyond the orbit of Neptune they're

343
00:14:38,530 --> 00:14:36,560
small they're I see they have elliptical

344
00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:38,540
orbits they have tilted orbits all right

345
00:14:43,390 --> 00:14:40,730
and they're very much just like they're

346
00:14:47,260 --> 00:14:43,400
most of the the largest object in the

347
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:47,270
Kuiper belt which is Pluto Pluto was

348
00:14:53,110 --> 00:14:51,410
discovered in 1930 Charon in 1978 I

349
00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:53,120
think although it wasn't verified until

350
00:14:59,230 --> 00:14:55,970
85 something like that all right

351
00:15:00,730 --> 00:14:59,240
and then so Pluto and Charon are the

352
00:15:03,190 --> 00:15:00,740
first two objects discovered in the

353
00:15:05,260 --> 00:15:03,200
Kuiper belt we now know of thousands all

354
00:15:07,090 --> 00:15:05,270
right and when I talk about lunatic

355
00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:07,100
fringe I'm talking about the moons

356
00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:10,490
around Kuiper belt objects and Pluto is

357
00:15:14,860 --> 00:15:12,650
a great example because as I said we

358
00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:14,870
knew about this before Hubble it took

359
00:15:22,090 --> 00:15:17,210
Hubble's resolution to find Nix and

360
00:15:27,550 --> 00:15:22,100
Hydra which we found in 2006 Kerberos I

361
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:27,560
think in 2010 and Styx in 2012 so Hubble

362
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:29,510
has been instrumental in finding these

363
00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:31,910
moons around these objects at the fringe

364
00:15:36,190 --> 00:15:33,680
of the solar system all right

365
00:15:38,740 --> 00:15:36,200
so here are here's a graphic of the

366
00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:38,750
eighth largest Kuiper belt objects all

367
00:15:42,070 --> 00:15:40,730
right everyone knows Pluto can anybody

368
00:15:43,150 --> 00:15:42,080
name other Kuiper belt objects

369
00:15:49,290 --> 00:15:43,160
astronomers with us

370
00:15:56,310 --> 00:15:49,300
yes Eris yes how may i yes very good

371
00:15:59,710 --> 00:15:56,320
other ones in the back Makemake

372
00:16:03,040 --> 00:15:59,720
he's heart yes interesting names okay

373
00:16:07,090 --> 00:16:03,050
pluto eris Haumea Makemake those are the

374
00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:07,100
the traditional top four quar Sedna and

375
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:10,880
orcas okay yes it is pronounced Wawa

376
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:15,410
okay now you'll notice I have left out a

377
00:16:21,820 --> 00:16:17,510
name for the third largest Kuiper belt

378
00:16:23,850 --> 00:16:21,830
object because it has no name it is

379
00:16:28,540 --> 00:16:23,860
actually known by its catalog number

380
00:16:30,930 --> 00:16:28,550
2007 Oh our 10 it has yet to be given an

381
00:16:33,490 --> 00:16:30,940
actual name which is kind of funky

382
00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:33,500
because there's a lot smaller things out

383
00:16:37,870 --> 00:16:36,290
there that have been given names now

384
00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:37,880
when I talk about the moons of Pluto

385
00:16:41,890 --> 00:16:39,650
there are lots of them but there are

386
00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:41,900
also lots of moons of other Kuiper belt

387
00:16:49,019 --> 00:16:45,050
objects Eris has Disney Mia there's high

388
00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:49,029
aachen Amaka way wat van and mk2 is a

389
00:16:52,390 --> 00:16:51,170
nickname I don't know if it actually has

390
00:16:54,610 --> 00:16:52,400
a real name or it still has the

391
00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:54,620
designation all right so you'll actually

392
00:17:00,970 --> 00:16:56,570
notice of the eighth-largest

393
00:17:04,260 --> 00:17:00,980
cover about objects only Sedna and 2007

394
00:17:10,059 --> 00:17:04,270
or 10 don't have moons or well I say

395
00:17:13,390 --> 00:17:10,069
didn't have moons okay the Kepler space

396
00:17:16,030 --> 00:17:13,400
telescope her mission looked at 2007 or

397
00:17:19,540 --> 00:17:16,040
10 and found that it was rotating slowly

398
00:17:21,699 --> 00:17:19,550
it rotated once every 45 hours generally

399
00:17:22,090 --> 00:17:21,709
Kuiper belt objects rotate in a couple

400
00:17:25,929 --> 00:17:22,100
hours

401
00:17:27,340 --> 00:17:25,939
so having a 45 hour rotation suggested

402
00:17:28,720 --> 00:17:27,350
that some of the angular momentum

403
00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:28,730
instead of being in the spin of the

404
00:17:34,330 --> 00:17:31,280
object was actually in a moon orbiting

405
00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:34,340
around it so people went looking for it

406
00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:37,100
where do they look they looked in the

407
00:17:44,820 --> 00:17:39,530
Hubble archive okay Hubble had already

408
00:17:47,140 --> 00:17:44,830
taken images of 2010 and they saw this

409
00:17:50,170 --> 00:17:47,150
in 2009 and

410
00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:50,180
2010 Hubble took these images so the

411
00:17:54,550 --> 00:17:52,610
bright spot in the center is 2007 Oh are

412
00:17:56,830 --> 00:17:54,560
10 and because it's a solar system

413
00:17:58,870 --> 00:17:56,840
object it moves relative to the

414
00:18:00,610 --> 00:17:58,880
background stars so there's lots of

415
00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:00,620
things like you know this thing and this

416
00:18:04,270 --> 00:18:02,540
thing these are all background stars

417
00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:04,280
moving past the things that are

418
00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:07,760
different in each image are the are the

419
00:18:10,930 --> 00:18:09,530
stars in the background is there

420
00:18:12,730 --> 00:18:10,940
something the same in each image

421
00:18:16,780 --> 00:18:12,740
you betcha otherwise I wouldn't be

422
00:18:20,020 --> 00:18:16,790
talking about it there they discovered

423
00:18:22,570 --> 00:18:20,030
that yes it did have a moon so here's

424
00:18:25,930 --> 00:18:22,580
where it was in 2009 here's where it is

425
00:18:27,850 --> 00:18:25,940
in 2010 unfortunately these two

426
00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:27,860
observations weren't enough to determine

427
00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:30,590
in orbit for it so they don't know the

428
00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:33,770
the actual mass of it but we turned to

429
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:36,200
the Herschel Space Telescope and they

430
00:18:40,330 --> 00:18:37,910
were able to use far infrared

431
00:18:43,930 --> 00:18:40,340
observations to get a thermal emission

432
00:18:48,220 --> 00:18:43,940
profile for it and estimate its size so

433
00:18:50,110 --> 00:18:48,230
adding that back into the the chart you

434
00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:50,120
can see that the provisional designation

435
00:18:58,260 --> 00:18:53,690
for it here we now have seven of the top

436
00:19:00,990 --> 00:18:58,270
eight Kuiper belt objects with moons now

437
00:19:03,490 --> 00:19:01,000
the really cool science behind it is

438
00:19:07,390 --> 00:19:03,500
well fine you've got these icy things

439
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:07,400
that have these icy moons but you really

440
00:19:12,910 --> 00:19:10,880
couldn't have formed them as you formed

441
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:12,920
the Kuiper belt object you think of

442
00:19:17,050 --> 00:19:14,720
Jupiter and it's Galilean moons and

443
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:17,060
Jupiter forms here and the moons form in

444
00:19:24,340 --> 00:19:19,970
a disk around them how did these moons

445
00:19:27,250 --> 00:19:24,350
form not by accretion around the the

446
00:19:30,670 --> 00:19:27,260
collapsing collapsing body but rather by

447
00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:30,680
a collision and capture so the idea is

448
00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:33,230
that for all of these objects something

449
00:19:37,360 --> 00:19:35,050
smashed into something else and

450
00:19:42,520 --> 00:19:37,370
collected into collected a moon around

451
00:19:44,110 --> 00:19:42,530
it okay so Nix Hydra Nix Kerberos and

452
00:19:46,630 --> 00:19:44,120
Styx by the way these are the actual

453
00:19:49,660 --> 00:19:46,640
sizes those are kind of tiny moons all

454
00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:49,670
right and Charon all have the same orbit

455
00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:51,650
and we believed there was a very large

456
00:19:56,770 --> 00:19:55,130
smash but that produced Pluto Pluto

457
00:19:58,720 --> 00:19:56,780
Charon system okay

458
00:20:00,970 --> 00:19:58,730
and the same for all of these that a

459
00:20:05,230 --> 00:20:00,980
collision produces

460
00:20:07,330 --> 00:20:05,240
captured moons so it's actually adding

461
00:20:09,549 --> 00:20:07,340
to our scientific understanding of the

462
00:20:11,730 --> 00:20:09,559
formation of moons which is kind of

463
00:20:15,810 --> 00:20:11,740
important and it really hits home

464
00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:15,820
because amongst the planets this one is

465
00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:18,530
believed to have had that same process

466
00:20:24,940 --> 00:20:22,580
happen our Moon using rock instead of

467
00:20:27,340 --> 00:20:24,950
ice is believed to have formed when

468
00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:27,350
approximately a mars-sized body hit the

469
00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:30,320
earth about four four and a half billion

470
00:20:39,940 --> 00:20:37,330
years ago so an appreciation of the the

471
00:20:43,409 --> 00:20:39,950
frequency at which these collisions can

472
00:20:45,789 --> 00:20:43,419
happen and produce captured moons is

473
00:20:50,110 --> 00:20:45,799
greatly increasing with our knowledge of

474
00:20:52,020 --> 00:20:50,120
Kuiper belt alright thank you and that's

475
00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:52,030
our news from the universe for tonight

476
00:20:58,000 --> 00:20:55,250
all right now we're gonna go on to our

477
00:21:00,100 --> 00:20:58,010
featured speaker and our speaker is

478
00:21:01,289 --> 00:21:00,110
amber Straughn from NASA Goddard Space

479
00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:01,299
Flight Center

480
00:21:07,450 --> 00:21:04,730
she did her she likes Messiah described

481
00:21:11,470 --> 00:21:07,460
herself as an Arkansas farm girl turned

482
00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:11,480
astrophysicist she did her undergraduate

483
00:21:16,060 --> 00:21:14,390
work at the University of Arkansas then

484
00:21:19,150 --> 00:21:16,070
she did her graduate work at Arizona

485
00:21:20,289 --> 00:21:19,160
State University and she's been she's

486
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:20,299
down at Goddard Space Flight Center

487
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:22,640
working on the James Webb Space

488
00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:25,730
Telescope and she has a bunch of cool

489
00:21:28,810 --> 00:21:27,290
things about her one of the things

490
00:21:31,770 --> 00:21:28,820
that's been highlighted a lot is that

491
00:21:35,140 --> 00:21:31,780
she is a pilot she flies her own planes

492
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:35,150
and she tells me that that's fun but the

493
00:21:42,130 --> 00:21:37,850
really fun thing is she got to go on the

494
00:21:43,990 --> 00:21:42,140
Vomit Comet the hyperbolic repair well

495
00:21:49,570 --> 00:21:44,000
parabolic trajectory plane where you

496
00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:49,580
actually are weightless for how long all

497
00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:50,890
right so

498
00:21:55,710 --> 00:21:53,370
[Laughter]

499
00:21:57,600 --> 00:21:55,720
so you're weightless for 20 to 30

500
00:22:01,260 --> 00:21:57,610
seconds and they do it 20 times in a row

501
00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:01,270
alright and she she kept her lunch down

502
00:22:04,740 --> 00:22:02,170
ha ha ha

503
00:22:07,650 --> 00:22:04,750
so ladies and gentlemen we have a hearty

504
00:22:24,370 --> 00:22:07,660
speaker tonight amber strong

505
00:22:29,030 --> 00:22:26,750
all right can you all hear me in the

506
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:29,040
back y'all I say you heard I was from

507
00:22:34,250 --> 00:22:32,010
Arkansas so I say y'all I'm so great to

508
00:22:37,010 --> 00:22:34,260
see so many of you tonight I'm really

509
00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:37,020
excited to be here to talk a little bit

510
00:22:41,060 --> 00:22:39,120
about an awesome new mission that we

511
00:22:42,980 --> 00:22:41,070
have coming up and to talk about some of

512
00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:42,990
the science that motivates this mission

513
00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:45,180
so you've heard him from Arkansas and

514
00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:46,890
really what got me interested in

515
00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:48,930
astronomy to begin with was the fact

516
00:22:53,870 --> 00:22:51,330
that I grew up in a rural part of the

517
00:22:56,300 --> 00:22:53,880
country so I grew up in a tiny little

518
00:22:59,030 --> 00:22:56,310
town called B Branch Arkansas which I'm

519
00:23:01,310 --> 00:22:59,040
almost guaranteeing nobody in this

520
00:23:03,950 --> 00:23:01,320
audience has heard of middle of nowhere

521
00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:03,960
North Central Arkansas not a lot to do

522
00:23:09,770 --> 00:23:07,770
but the sky was beautiful so I grew up

523
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:09,780
under this rule dark sky and that's

524
00:23:13,970 --> 00:23:11,760
really what got me interested in the

525
00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:13,980
stars from the time I was a little kid

526
00:23:20,750 --> 00:23:17,640
and since that time when I was a kid I

527
00:23:22,580 --> 00:23:20,760
decided to I was asking all these

528
00:23:24,350 --> 00:23:22,590
questions about the universe and decided

529
00:23:26,900 --> 00:23:24,360
from a very young age that I wanted to

530
00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:26,910
pursue that dream to find out what was

531
00:23:31,130 --> 00:23:28,890
out there what was beyond what you can

532
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:31,140
see with your eyes and from the time I

533
00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:33,120
was a kid one of the thing this really

534
00:23:38,510 --> 00:23:35,970
has captivated me about astronomy in

535
00:23:41,390 --> 00:23:38,520
general is that astronomy gets to the

536
00:23:43,460 --> 00:23:41,400
heart of our big questions and these

537
00:23:45,650 --> 00:23:43,470
aren't just questions that scientists

538
00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:45,660
ask these are questions that human

539
00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:47,310
beings ask these are questions that

540
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:50,250
we've asked over a millennia they get to

541
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:52,110
the heart of what it means to be a human

542
00:23:57,440 --> 00:23:54,510
being of how do we get here

543
00:23:59,240 --> 00:23:57,450
and what's the universe like and then

544
00:24:01,130 --> 00:23:59,250
that big question that we're still

545
00:24:04,670 --> 00:24:01,140
trying to answer which is are we alone

546
00:24:07,100 --> 00:24:04,680
and so many of our fundamental questions

547
00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:07,110
about the universe have been answered

548
00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:10,200
over the past many decades by telescopes

549
00:24:14,390 --> 00:24:12,600
so we're able to learn a lot about the

550
00:24:17,470 --> 00:24:14,400
universe just from looking at the sky

551
00:24:20,570 --> 00:24:17,480
our ancestors of course learned about

552
00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:20,580
about time we measure time by the way

553
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:23,970
stars pass in the sky we learned you

554
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:26,410
know many centuries ago that

555
00:24:29,580 --> 00:24:27,850
there were certain objects in the night

556
00:24:31,230 --> 00:24:29,590
sky that moved a little bit differently

557
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:31,240
than most of the stars did and those

558
00:24:37,590 --> 00:24:33,310
occur of course turned out to be planets

559
00:24:39,060 --> 00:24:37,600
and so for for centuries for millennia

560
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:39,070
even people have been looking at the sky

561
00:24:43,020 --> 00:24:41,410
and figuring out how the world works

562
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:43,030
just from looking at the sky with your

563
00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:45,310
eyes but of course there comes a limit

564
00:24:49,560 --> 00:24:46,960
to what you can learn from looking at

565
00:24:51,750 --> 00:24:49,570
the sky with your eyeballs and so we

566
00:24:54,090 --> 00:24:51,760
build telescopes to help us build on

567
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:54,100
that knowledge and as an astronomer I've

568
00:24:57,750 --> 00:24:56,110
been really fortunate to observe at some

569
00:25:00,330 --> 00:24:57,760
of the world's biggest telescopes on the

570
00:25:03,180 --> 00:25:00,340
ground telescopes in Hawaii and Chile

571
00:25:05,640 --> 00:25:03,190
but there does also come a limit to what

572
00:25:08,070 --> 00:25:05,650
we can learn from telescopes on the

573
00:25:10,140 --> 00:25:08,080
ground just from the simple fact the

574
00:25:12,270 --> 00:25:10,150
telescopes on the earth have to look

575
00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:12,280
through the atmosphere and so what do we

576
00:25:17,070 --> 00:25:14,350
do of course we put telescopes into

577
00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:17,080
space and the Hubble Space Telescope has

578
00:25:21,210 --> 00:25:19,120
been one of the I believe one of the

579
00:25:23,010 --> 00:25:21,220
most critical scientific instruments

580
00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:23,020
that human beings have ever built so

581
00:25:28,230 --> 00:25:26,650
Hubble has completely transformed our

582
00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:28,240
understanding of the universe in

583
00:25:33,120 --> 00:25:30,730
fundamental ways starting with the

584
00:25:34,770 --> 00:25:33,130
nearby universe of our solar system and

585
00:25:36,900 --> 00:25:34,780
then reaching out to the most distant

586
00:25:39,570 --> 00:25:36,910
things that we can see in the faraway

587
00:25:41,460 --> 00:25:39,580
universe and so I'm here tonight to talk

588
00:25:43,350 --> 00:25:41,470
to you a little bit about some of the

589
00:25:46,410 --> 00:25:43,360
unknown things in the universe dark

590
00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:46,420
energy and alien worlds some of these

591
00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:48,850
big questions that we have but I wanted

592
00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:51,700
to start off by talking a little bit to

593
00:25:57,120 --> 00:25:54,700
preface this this unknown stuff with a

594
00:25:59,310 --> 00:25:57,130
little bit of what we do know and how

595
00:26:01,620 --> 00:25:59,320
we've learned that and the Hubble Space

596
00:26:04,110 --> 00:26:01,630
Telescope has been instrumental in

597
00:26:06,390 --> 00:26:04,120
helping us learn about what our universe

598
00:26:08,340 --> 00:26:06,400
is like and so starting in our own

599
00:26:10,860 --> 00:26:08,350
cosmic backyard of the solar system

600
00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:10,870
Hubble has taught us many many things

601
00:26:15,450 --> 00:26:12,730
about our own solar system including

602
00:26:17,390 --> 00:26:15,460
this beautiful composite image showing

603
00:26:21,150 --> 00:26:17,400
Aurora on Saturn

604
00:26:23,250 --> 00:26:21,160
NASA of course also launches satellites

605
00:26:25,380 --> 00:26:23,260
that go out and visit these distant

606
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:25,390
worlds in our solar system so this is an

607
00:26:29,430 --> 00:26:27,310
image from NASA's Cassini telescope

608
00:26:31,860 --> 00:26:29,440
which in just a few months will have its

609
00:26:34,250 --> 00:26:31,870
grand finale as it actually crashes into

610
00:26:37,260 --> 00:26:34,260
the planet so be sure and check that out

611
00:26:39,120 --> 00:26:37,270
one of the great things that Cassini has

612
00:26:39,769 --> 00:26:39,130
given us I believe in addition to all

613
00:26:43,009 --> 00:26:39,779
this in

614
00:26:46,129 --> 00:26:43,019
animal science is just a perspective of

615
00:26:47,779 --> 00:26:46,139
us of us humans and this is something

616
00:26:49,940 --> 00:26:47,789
that again goes back to those big

617
00:26:51,649 --> 00:26:49,950
questions that astronomy gets to you

618
00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:51,659
about telling us about our place in the

619
00:26:56,769 --> 00:26:54,090
universe and so this is an image from

620
00:26:59,899 --> 00:26:56,779
Cassini from beyond the orbit of Saturn

621
00:27:02,659 --> 00:26:59,909
looking back and that little tiny dot is

622
00:27:04,430 --> 00:27:02,669
us that's everyone you've ever known in

623
00:27:06,589 --> 00:27:04,440
that little tiny blue dot and of course

624
00:27:10,129 --> 00:27:06,599
this was the blue dot the cross Sagan

625
00:27:12,859 --> 00:27:10,139
talked about and and so much back in in

626
00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:12,869
the early days and in popularized

627
00:27:18,229 --> 00:27:16,080
astronomy in such a such a unique way I

628
00:27:20,479 --> 00:27:18,239
have such a fond spot in my heart for

629
00:27:23,329 --> 00:27:20,489
Carl Sagan and all the great outreach

630
00:27:25,820 --> 00:27:23,339
that he did but missions like Cassini

631
00:27:29,570 --> 00:27:25,830
have given us this have given us this

632
00:27:31,639 --> 00:27:29,580
grand view of what we are and help to to

633
00:27:33,979 --> 00:27:31,649
probe those big questions of our place

634
00:27:36,889 --> 00:27:33,989
in the universe and then very recently

635
00:27:40,129 --> 00:27:36,899
NASA's Juno spacecraft has been sending

636
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:40,139
back these absolutely incredible images

637
00:27:46,369 --> 00:27:43,710
of our planet Jupiter that sort of go

638
00:27:48,859 --> 00:27:46,379
beyond science and even get into art

639
00:27:51,469 --> 00:27:48,869
this could be a piece of art in a museum

640
00:27:54,349 --> 00:27:51,479
and then of course just a couple of

641
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:54,359
years ago we all remember the excitement

642
00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:58,080
of NASA's new Horizons mission reaching

643
00:28:03,649 --> 00:28:01,200
Pluto and reeling this heart on Pluto

644
00:28:06,499 --> 00:28:03,659
and revealing the structure of this

645
00:28:09,229 --> 00:28:06,509
outer planet dwarf planet that we'd

646
00:28:11,239 --> 00:28:09,239
never seen before and so all of these

647
00:28:13,399 --> 00:28:11,249
missions have helped to help us learn

648
00:28:14,389 --> 00:28:13,409
more about our solar system and they're

649
00:28:16,459 --> 00:28:14,399
returning to Hubble

650
00:28:19,219 --> 00:28:16,469
of course branching out from the solar

651
00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:19,229
system more distant from Hubble we've

652
00:28:23,989 --> 00:28:21,960
been able to observe star forming

653
00:28:26,599 --> 00:28:23,999
regions within our own galaxy so this is

654
00:28:29,479 --> 00:28:26,609
the Carina Nebula and this curve this

655
00:28:31,759 --> 00:28:29,489
image gives us an overall view of star

656
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:31,769
formation so lots of new stars are

657
00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:33,210
forming in this part of the universe and

658
00:28:38,119 --> 00:28:35,580
stars are also dying in this part of the

659
00:28:39,729 --> 00:28:38,129
universe there's this giant star here

660
00:28:42,139 --> 00:28:39,739
that's probably about to go supernova

661
00:28:43,639 --> 00:28:42,149
literally any day or it might be a

662
00:28:45,019 --> 00:28:43,649
thousand years but you know it's a tiny

663
00:28:48,679 --> 00:28:45,029
span of time

664
00:28:50,239 --> 00:28:48,689
in astronomical sense and then stars of

665
00:28:53,269 --> 00:28:50,249
course after they're born they have

666
00:28:55,129 --> 00:28:53,279
winds that shed out the dust in the gas

667
00:28:58,009 --> 00:28:55,139
and stars shine forth and these

668
00:28:59,509 --> 00:28:58,019
beautiful giant clusters this is the

669
00:29:00,649 --> 00:28:59,519
image that came from the 25th

670
00:29:03,259 --> 00:29:00,659
anniversary of the Hubble Space

671
00:29:05,689 --> 00:29:03,269
Telescope just a couple years ago and

672
00:29:07,309 --> 00:29:05,699
then we all know that stars when they

673
00:29:09,499 --> 00:29:07,319
live out their lives they often go

674
00:29:11,779 --> 00:29:09,509
through these violent deaths these

675
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:11,789
explosions that can be either very

676
00:29:15,919 --> 00:29:13,919
dramatic like the Crab Nebula that you

677
00:29:18,769 --> 00:29:15,929
saw in the introduction or can be more

678
00:29:20,809 --> 00:29:18,779
gentle and sort of the Stars blow out

679
00:29:23,539 --> 00:29:20,819
their atmospheres like this example of

680
00:29:26,839 --> 00:29:23,549
the butterfly nebula and so we know that

681
00:29:29,119 --> 00:29:26,849
our Sun well someday undergo a similar

682
00:29:31,689 --> 00:29:29,129
process like this where it will shed its

683
00:29:34,519 --> 00:29:31,699
outer layers it'll grow into a red giant

684
00:29:37,039 --> 00:29:34,529
little and virtually engulf the earth

685
00:29:38,419 --> 00:29:37,049
now this will be several billion years

686
00:29:39,019 --> 00:29:38,429
from now so we don't have to worry about

687
00:29:44,419 --> 00:29:39,029
that

688
00:29:46,609 --> 00:29:44,429
images from Hubble really tell us

689
00:29:49,699 --> 00:29:46,619
something about our origins

690
00:29:52,249 --> 00:29:49,709
so these stellar explosions like

691
00:29:55,249 --> 00:29:52,259
supernovae are the very events that

692
00:29:58,209 --> 00:29:55,259
seeded the universe with the elements

693
00:30:01,549 --> 00:29:58,219
that would eventually become planets and

694
00:30:03,199 --> 00:30:01,559
eventually become life so the iron in

695
00:30:05,689 --> 00:30:03,209
your blood and the calcium in your bones

696
00:30:09,859 --> 00:30:05,699
was literally forged inside of a star

697
00:30:12,409 --> 00:30:09,869
that exploded in a supernova and so what

698
00:30:15,169 --> 00:30:12,419
these images really show us is our sort

699
00:30:17,989 --> 00:30:15,179
of cosmic connection to the universe and

700
00:30:20,029 --> 00:30:17,999
that's one of the things I love this is

701
00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:20,039
an image of also with still within our

702
00:30:25,309 --> 00:30:22,799
own galaxy of a star that under

703
00:30:26,989 --> 00:30:25,319
underwent this really complex confusing

704
00:30:28,729 --> 00:30:26,999
event we still don't really know what's

705
00:30:30,979 --> 00:30:28,739
going on with this star but it's

706
00:30:33,439 --> 00:30:30,989
shedding its layers or it's blowing a

707
00:30:35,749 --> 00:30:33,449
wind out into the surroundings so many

708
00:30:38,719 --> 00:30:35,759
mysteries out there still and then

709
00:30:40,399 --> 00:30:38,729
beyond our own Milky Way galaxy we now

710
00:30:43,699 --> 00:30:40,409
of course know that there are many other

711
00:30:45,499 --> 00:30:43,709
galaxies so this is a nearby galaxy if

712
00:30:47,449 --> 00:30:45,509
you could get outside of our Milky Way

713
00:30:50,059 --> 00:30:47,459
and could look back on it our Milky Way

714
00:30:52,009 --> 00:30:50,069
would look probably a lot like this we

715
00:30:54,649 --> 00:30:52,019
think our millions with other galaxies

716
00:30:56,359 --> 00:30:54,659
so they merge with other galaxies in my

717
00:30:57,170 --> 00:30:56,369
own research I studied galaxy evolution

718
00:30:58,940 --> 00:30:57,180
for

719
00:31:01,580 --> 00:30:58,950
I'm interested in how galaxies change

720
00:31:03,890 --> 00:31:01,590
over time how their stars in their black

721
00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:03,900
holes for him and we think this process

722
00:31:09,170 --> 00:31:06,090
of galaxy collisions is a really key

723
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:09,180
part of how all of that takes place of

724
00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:11,810
how black holes grow and we think that

725
00:31:16,820 --> 00:31:14,850
there's also gas in the universe that

726
00:31:19,130 --> 00:31:16,830
feeds into galaxies that help black

727
00:31:21,260 --> 00:31:19,140
holes grow over time a lot about this

728
00:31:23,060 --> 00:31:21,270
process that we don't understand but we

729
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:23,070
think that galaxy mergers play a key

730
00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:25,110
part in the overall evolution of

731
00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:29,220
galaxies over time and then of all the

732
00:31:33,170 --> 00:31:30,960
beautiful images that Hubble has given

733
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:33,180
us over the past 27 years now that

734
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:35,910
Hubble's been in space if I had to pick

735
00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:37,530
my absolute favorite when this would be

736
00:31:42,500 --> 00:31:40,770
it so this is the Hubble Ultra Deep

737
00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:42,510
Field this happened to come out when I

738
00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:44,250
was in graduate school so this is one of

739
00:31:48,230 --> 00:31:46,560
the reasons I'm so fond of it I did a

740
00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:48,240
lot of my dissertation research on this

741
00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:50,850
image but this particular version of

742
00:31:55,940 --> 00:31:53,880
this image was about 11 days total the

743
00:31:58,460 --> 00:31:55,950
Hubble stared into space and in this

744
00:32:00,920 --> 00:31:58,470
image Hubble's looking at a tiny tiny

745
00:32:03,470 --> 00:32:00,930
little piece of sky so it's like looking

746
00:32:04,910 --> 00:32:03,480
at the universe through a straw if you

747
00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:04,920
found out your pinky finger you could

748
00:32:09,710 --> 00:32:06,930
cover up this teeny tiny little patch of

749
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:09,720
sky and every point of light you see in

750
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:12,210
this image is an individual galaxy

751
00:32:18,470 --> 00:32:14,970
itself filled with hundreds of billions

752
00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:18,480
of other stars and so really what Hubble

753
00:32:25,370 --> 00:32:21,570
has given us in a fundamental sense is

754
00:32:27,950 --> 00:32:25,380
the size of the universe these deep

755
00:32:30,290 --> 00:32:27,960
images with Hubble were revolutionary

756
00:32:33,260 --> 00:32:30,300
and they told us that the universe is

757
00:32:36,140 --> 00:32:33,270
filled with hundreds of billions of

758
00:32:38,990 --> 00:32:36,150
other galaxies and all those galaxies

759
00:32:40,580 --> 00:32:39,000
with hundreds of billions of stars now

760
00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:40,590
in addition to just being a beautiful

761
00:32:47,650 --> 00:32:44,130
image we're able to take spectra of

762
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:47,660
these galaxies to take the chemical

763
00:32:52,580 --> 00:32:50,130
fingerprints of the galaxies and learn

764
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:52,590
about their distances and so when we

765
00:32:56,870 --> 00:32:53,970
learn about the distances we can

766
00:32:59,450 --> 00:32:56,880
actually make these images sort of 3d we

767
00:33:01,340 --> 00:32:59,460
assign distances to them and so we can

768
00:33:03,650 --> 00:33:01,350
sort of fly through the images in a

769
00:33:06,740 --> 00:33:03,660
sense to get a bit of a sense of scale

770
00:33:10,820 --> 00:33:06,750
in a sense of distance for these these

771
00:33:13,190 --> 00:33:10,830
images so in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

772
00:33:15,799 --> 00:33:13,200
again you notice a lot of interesting

773
00:33:18,169 --> 00:33:15,809
things so you notice as we go deeper

774
00:33:20,750 --> 00:33:18,179
into the universe that galaxy's changed

775
00:33:23,269 --> 00:33:20,760
they start to look different nearby

776
00:33:25,009 --> 00:33:23,279
galaxies look sort of similar to our

777
00:33:27,169 --> 00:33:25,019
Milky Way a lot of them they have spiral

778
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:27,179
arms they're very large they have

779
00:33:32,180 --> 00:33:29,970
organized structure but if you get into

780
00:33:33,970 --> 00:33:32,190
the deeper universe the more distant

781
00:33:36,529 --> 00:33:33,980
universe you see a different picture

782
00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:36,539
galaxies are less well formed they're

783
00:33:41,269 --> 00:33:38,399
smaller they're clumpy they're different

784
00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:41,279
and so learning about how galaxies

785
00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:45,090
change over the course of the last 13.8

786
00:33:50,299 --> 00:33:48,330
billion years of cosmic history is still

787
00:33:51,919 --> 00:33:50,309
a really important part of astronomy

788
00:33:54,169 --> 00:33:51,929
it's it's there's a lot about that

789
00:33:56,419 --> 00:33:54,179
process that we're still really to push

790
00:33:59,509 --> 00:33:56,429
further so as much as we've learned

791
00:34:01,430 --> 00:33:59,519
about the universe since we've put

792
00:34:03,230 --> 00:34:01,440
Hubble into space since we've started

793
00:34:05,690 --> 00:34:03,240
building telescopes on the ground

794
00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:05,700
there's still really a lot that we don't

795
00:34:12,169 --> 00:34:09,690
know and of all of these galaxies of

796
00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:12,179
hundreds of billions of galaxies that we

797
00:34:18,020 --> 00:34:14,190
found filled with hundreds of billions

798
00:34:20,210 --> 00:34:18,030
of stars all of those galaxies all of

799
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:20,220
those stars what we know now are

800
00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:23,010
probably trillions of planets every

801
00:34:31,089 --> 00:34:26,450
person everything that you've ever known

802
00:34:36,290 --> 00:34:31,099
still all of that only makes up about 5%

803
00:34:38,990 --> 00:34:36,300
of everything in the universe and the

804
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:39,000
rest of that is when I want to spend the

805
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:41,010
rest of my time tonight talking to you

806
00:34:47,750 --> 00:34:44,310
about so going back to that previous pie

807
00:34:53,180 --> 00:34:47,760
chart so the 5% that we know about the

808
00:34:55,720 --> 00:34:53,190
galaxies the stars the planets that's

809
00:35:00,160 --> 00:34:55,730
what we know about so look now at the

810
00:35:05,420 --> 00:35:00,170
27% that is dark matter so dark matter

811
00:35:07,370 --> 00:35:05,430
what is it we have no idea but this

812
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:07,380
poses a really really interesting

813
00:35:13,670 --> 00:35:10,410
question to us as astronomers so we

814
00:35:17,089 --> 00:35:13,680
don't know what it is so how do we know

815
00:35:20,540 --> 00:35:17,099
that it actually exists so we have a few

816
00:35:22,940 --> 00:35:20,550
clues the first thing is by looking at

817
00:35:24,380 --> 00:35:22,950
spiral galaxies so you take a spiral

818
00:35:26,380 --> 00:35:24,390
galaxy like this

819
00:35:31,030 --> 00:35:26,390
and it looks like it's spinning right

820
00:35:35,180 --> 00:35:31,040
that's because it is so back decades ago

821
00:35:38,210 --> 00:35:35,190
astronomers looked at the motions of

822
00:35:40,250 --> 00:35:38,220
stars and spiral galaxies Vera Rubin was

823
00:35:42,590 --> 00:35:40,260
actually one of the pioneers of this an

824
00:35:46,820 --> 00:35:42,600
astronomer astronomer who did this work

825
00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:46,830
back in this 1960s 1970s and what you

826
00:35:52,210 --> 00:35:49,140
expect to see in spiral galaxies is that

827
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:52,220
as you get out further from the center

828
00:35:58,010 --> 00:35:55,410
you would expect the speeds of these

829
00:35:59,810 --> 00:35:58,020
stars in the matter to be slowing down

830
00:36:02,840 --> 00:35:59,820
that's what Kepler's second law tell us

831
00:36:05,750 --> 00:36:02,850
should that should happen but that's not

832
00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:05,760
what we see so all of these motions

833
00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:08,880
depend on mass depend on the mass that

834
00:36:15,470 --> 00:36:11,850
exists from the center out to the stars

835
00:36:17,390 --> 00:36:15,480
and so when we studied the motions and

836
00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:17,400
outer parts of these galaxies even out

837
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:19,980
further than what we could see what we

838
00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:22,710
found is that there should be more mass

839
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:25,200
there than what we're seeing there's

840
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:27,570
something there that's causing the stars

841
00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:31,050
to move faster in the outskirts can't

842
00:36:35,570 --> 00:36:33,450
see it at all and we know it's not gas

843
00:36:38,660 --> 00:36:35,580
because we can detect gas in other ways

844
00:36:40,730 --> 00:36:38,670
so not gas not stars something hidden in

845
00:36:43,310 --> 00:36:40,740
these galaxies they're causing them to

846
00:36:47,170 --> 00:36:43,320
move in ways that are unexpected the

847
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:47,180
second big clue came in galaxy clusters

848
00:36:53,990 --> 00:36:50,010
so galaxy clusters are also a really

849
00:36:56,180 --> 00:36:54,000
good way to measure mass so we can look

850
00:36:58,550 --> 00:36:56,190
at individual galaxies and clusters and

851
00:37:00,860 --> 00:36:58,560
measure their speeds fairly easily in

852
00:37:02,810 --> 00:37:00,870
fact and when we look at galaxies

853
00:37:05,270 --> 00:37:02,820
galaxies and clusters we find that

854
00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:05,280
they're moving way faster than they

855
00:37:11,840 --> 00:37:08,970
should be so if it was only the galaxies

856
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:11,850
only the stars then these clusters

857
00:37:17,570 --> 00:37:14,310
should have blown themselves apart you

858
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:17,580
know millions of years ago but galaxy

859
00:37:20,960 --> 00:37:19,650
clusters stay together so there's

860
00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:20,970
something there that we're not seeing

861
00:37:28,580 --> 00:37:25,140
and in addition in these galaxy clusters

862
00:37:30,410 --> 00:37:28,590
we've also Frank has already pointed out

863
00:37:32,270 --> 00:37:30,420
a little bit about gravitational lensing

864
00:37:37,049 --> 00:37:32,280
so what's going on there

865
00:37:40,919 --> 00:37:37,059
so we have this big mass of galaxies

866
00:37:43,439 --> 00:37:40,929
and gasps and then beyond that we have

867
00:37:47,309 --> 00:37:43,449
background galaxies and then over here

868
00:37:50,309 --> 00:37:47,319
we have our telescopes so what's going

869
00:37:52,259 --> 00:37:50,319
on with gravitational lensing is that

870
00:37:55,759 --> 00:37:52,269
we're essentially seeing the background

871
00:37:58,489 --> 00:37:55,769
galaxies being lynched by the mass

872
00:38:01,349 --> 00:37:58,499
that's in between them

873
00:38:02,759 --> 00:38:01,359
so this is what theory tells us we

874
00:38:04,439 --> 00:38:02,769
should see if there's a lot of matter

875
00:38:06,779 --> 00:38:04,449
out there or dark matter that's hidden

876
00:38:08,429 --> 00:38:06,789
that we can't see and of course this is

877
00:38:10,649 --> 00:38:08,439
what we see when we take these Hubble

878
00:38:13,019 --> 00:38:10,659
images so in these Hubble images of

879
00:38:15,059 --> 00:38:13,029
galaxy clusters you see all these little

880
00:38:16,559 --> 00:38:15,069
blue arcs in addition to the bright

881
00:38:18,689 --> 00:38:16,569
yellow galaxies

882
00:38:21,059 --> 00:38:18,699
you see these background galaxies that

883
00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:21,069
have been stretched and lens so this is

884
00:38:27,269 --> 00:38:24,130
a smoking gun for dark matter that

885
00:38:29,969 --> 00:38:27,279
exists in these galaxy clusters this is

886
00:38:32,009 --> 00:38:29,979
a very famous galaxy cluster image

887
00:38:33,899 --> 00:38:32,019
called the bullet cluster this is

888
00:38:37,140 --> 00:38:33,909
actually two galaxy clusters that are

889
00:38:39,209 --> 00:38:37,150
crashing together and so what you see

890
00:38:42,149 --> 00:38:39,219
here again all this sort of yellow

891
00:38:45,419 --> 00:38:42,159
orange structures here are individual

892
00:38:49,169 --> 00:38:45,429
galaxies the red the pink and the blue

893
00:38:52,049 --> 00:38:49,179
here represents gas in the galaxies that

894
00:38:54,419 --> 00:38:52,059
were able to image in x-rays and so

895
00:38:57,299 --> 00:38:54,429
these two galaxy clusters are crashing

896
00:39:00,419 --> 00:38:57,309
together and we're able to again look at

897
00:39:03,239 --> 00:39:00,429
its sources behind the clusters and what

898
00:39:05,729 --> 00:39:03,249
these images tell us is that all the

899
00:39:08,279 --> 00:39:05,739
dark matter is centered on the galaxies

900
00:39:10,620 --> 00:39:08,289
and not on the gas so another third sort

901
00:39:15,089 --> 00:39:10,630
of independent clue the Dark Matter

902
00:39:17,069 --> 00:39:15,099
exists in these clusters so we have all

903
00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:17,079
these different independent lines of

904
00:39:23,039 --> 00:39:19,140
evidence that dark matter is out there

905
00:39:25,979 --> 00:39:23,049
and so we have another a third way that

906
00:39:28,469 --> 00:39:25,989
were able to to learn about dark matter

907
00:39:31,140 --> 00:39:28,479
by looking how basically how galaxies

908
00:39:34,529 --> 00:39:31,150
are distributed across the universe and

909
00:39:36,959 --> 00:39:34,539
so just and similarly we're able to to

910
00:39:39,539 --> 00:39:36,969
look at to map out galaxies at different

911
00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:39,549
distances and measure their properties

912
00:39:44,849 --> 00:39:42,640
and those properties tell us again that

913
00:39:46,949 --> 00:39:44,859
there's mass out there that these

914
00:39:48,390 --> 00:39:46,959
galaxies are moving in ways that

915
00:39:49,530 --> 00:39:48,400
indicate that there's matter out there

916
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:49,540
that exists

917
00:39:55,230 --> 00:39:51,610
that we can't see so we don't know what

918
00:39:59,360 --> 00:39:55,240
it is we have a better idea of what it's

919
00:40:04,830 --> 00:39:59,370
not so we know that it's probably not

920
00:40:06,330 --> 00:40:04,840
regular stars or gas or planets because

921
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:06,340
we would be able to see those things

922
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:08,050
we'd be able to see stars that are

923
00:40:13,890 --> 00:40:10,330
bright enough dim stars okay we might

924
00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:13,900
not see the dim stars gas we can see

925
00:40:20,190 --> 00:40:16,330
from the way the Stars are lighting up

926
00:40:22,710 --> 00:40:20,200
the gas but really ordinary matter

927
00:40:25,170 --> 00:40:22,720
baryons neutrons protons and electrons

928
00:40:27,780 --> 00:40:25,180
we would be able to see them in some way

929
00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:27,790
and we can't so we really don't think

930
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:30,160
it's any of these things now it might be

931
00:40:35,130 --> 00:40:33,490
some very very dim stars but if those

932
00:40:37,980 --> 00:40:35,140
stars exist they would only be a tiny

933
00:40:40,860 --> 00:40:37,990
tiny fraction of what we think has to be

934
00:40:44,070 --> 00:40:40,870
to make up this dark matter population

935
00:40:46,830 --> 00:40:44,080
so we don't think it's regular stuff we

936
00:40:48,750 --> 00:40:46,840
don't really think it's antimatter so we

937
00:40:50,550 --> 00:40:48,760
know antimatter would annihilate with

938
00:40:52,020 --> 00:40:50,560
regular matter and produce gamma-ray

939
00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:52,030
signals that we would be able to detect

940
00:40:56,100 --> 00:40:54,130
we have gamma-ray telescopes that would

941
00:40:57,930 --> 00:40:56,110
be able to see that so we don't think

942
00:40:59,610 --> 00:40:57,940
it's an a' matter we don't really think

943
00:41:01,530 --> 00:40:59,620
it's giant black hole sort of for the

944
00:41:04,470 --> 00:41:01,540
same reasons because we would be able to

945
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:04,480
see those observational EC signatures of

946
00:41:10,140 --> 00:41:06,610
the black holes in other ways we don't

947
00:41:13,020 --> 00:41:10,150
really see them so what is it well again

948
00:41:16,980 --> 00:41:13,030
we don't know but we think what it

949
00:41:19,980 --> 00:41:16,990
likely is is some sort of yet

950
00:41:22,140 --> 00:41:19,990
undiscovered elementary particle that

951
00:41:25,020 --> 00:41:22,150
really doesn't interact with radiation

952
00:41:27,120 --> 00:41:25,030
in the same way that normal matter is so

953
00:41:30,090 --> 00:41:27,130
that's what we think it is but again we

954
00:41:31,890 --> 00:41:30,100
don't know all right that's dark matter

955
00:41:35,430 --> 00:41:31,900
not very satisfying right we don't know

956
00:41:39,870 --> 00:41:35,440
what it is okay dark energy so almost

957
00:41:43,970 --> 00:41:39,880
70% of the whole universe is made up of

958
00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:43,980
dark energy so what is it any guesses

959
00:41:52,340 --> 00:41:47,500
yeah we really have no idea what dark

960
00:41:56,550 --> 00:41:52,350
energy is but similarly to dark matter

961
00:42:00,360 --> 00:41:56,560
we know that it exists and the really

962
00:42:01,880 --> 00:42:00,370
strange thing about dark energy is that

963
00:42:04,070 --> 00:42:01,890
it's completely gone

964
00:42:07,160 --> 00:42:04,080
founding our ideas about how gravity

965
00:42:09,860 --> 00:42:07,170
works so spaceball sees any baseball

966
00:42:13,550 --> 00:42:09,870
fans out there Orioles fans yeah I would

967
00:42:14,540 --> 00:42:13,560
hope so okay so you have a baseball you

968
00:42:16,460 --> 00:42:14,550
throw it up in the air what do you

969
00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:16,470
expect to happen he comes back down

970
00:42:18,770 --> 00:42:17,130
right

971
00:42:22,310 --> 00:42:18,780
that's our everyday experience of

972
00:42:25,730 --> 00:42:22,320
gravity that's how gravity works what

973
00:42:29,780 --> 00:42:25,740
dark energy tells us is that on large

974
00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:29,790
large distance scales that instead of

975
00:42:36,920 --> 00:42:34,800
pulling the gravity pushes so we

976
00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:36,930
experience gravity as an attractive

977
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:40,650
force and what all the physics all the

978
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:43,410
theory all the observations are telling

979
00:42:50,030 --> 00:42:46,770
us is that at large distances gravity

980
00:42:52,850 --> 00:42:50,040
pushes the universe and this is

981
00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:52,860
completely con founding to everything

982
00:43:00,080 --> 00:42:55,490
that we know ok so why do we think this

983
00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:00,090
the first big clue actually won the

984
00:43:07,580 --> 00:43:03,090
Nobel Prize back almost 20 years ago now

985
00:43:10,490 --> 00:43:07,590
so this was looking at distant exploding

986
00:43:12,380 --> 00:43:10,500
stars supernovae in distant galaxies and

987
00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:12,390
actually an astronomer right here at the

988
00:43:16,460 --> 00:43:14,640
Space Telescope Science Institute dr.

989
00:43:18,890 --> 00:43:16,470
Adam riess was one of the Nobel Prize

990
00:43:22,730 --> 00:43:18,900
winners for for this really

991
00:43:25,930 --> 00:43:22,740
groundbreaking discovery and so what is

992
00:43:28,760 --> 00:43:25,940
it about supernovae so supernovae are

993
00:43:31,160 --> 00:43:28,770
what we call in astronomy as standard

994
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:31,170
candles so they have a certain

995
00:43:38,660 --> 00:43:33,210
brightness you can sort of think of it

996
00:43:41,360 --> 00:43:38,670
as a a light bulb and so the further the

997
00:43:43,250 --> 00:43:41,370
light bulb is away your the luminosity

998
00:43:44,780 --> 00:43:43,260
or the brightness of the light bulb goes

999
00:43:46,820 --> 00:43:44,790
down and that's just a very simple

1000
00:43:49,940 --> 00:43:46,830
physics equation you know if you have a

1001
00:43:52,730 --> 00:43:49,950
standard light if you measure how bright

1002
00:43:55,640 --> 00:43:52,740
it is you can determine how far away it

1003
00:43:59,390 --> 00:43:55,650
is and so that's what astronomers were

1004
00:44:03,140 --> 00:43:59,400
able to do with this supernovae and so

1005
00:44:05,240 --> 00:44:03,150
we know we've known for years since the

1006
00:44:09,830 --> 00:44:05,250
days of Edwin Hubble back in the 1920s

1007
00:44:11,360 --> 00:44:09,840
that the universe is expanding and so we

1008
00:44:13,430 --> 00:44:11,370
know the universe is expanding we know

1009
00:44:15,380 --> 00:44:13,440
galaxies are moving away from each other

1010
00:44:18,920 --> 00:44:15,390
but if all that exists

1011
00:44:21,470 --> 00:44:18,930
the universe is gravity then we would

1012
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:21,480
expect that the expansion would maybe be

1013
00:44:26,870 --> 00:44:24,210
slowing down maybe the constant didn't

1014
00:44:29,720 --> 00:44:26,880
really know but when when observing

1015
00:44:32,299 --> 00:44:29,730
these supernovae what we found was

1016
00:44:34,279 --> 00:44:32,309
something really interesting was that

1017
00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:34,289
that the most distant supernovae that we

1018
00:44:38,539 --> 00:44:36,960
could see were much fainter not much

1019
00:44:42,500 --> 00:44:38,549
fainter a little bit fainter than what

1020
00:44:44,359 --> 00:44:42,510
we expected and so what this told us was

1021
00:44:45,829 --> 00:44:44,369
that the more distant galaxies that we

1022
00:44:48,230 --> 00:44:45,839
were looking at with these supernovae

1023
00:44:51,170 --> 00:44:48,240
were moving away from us

1024
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:51,180
much faster than we expected so that

1025
00:44:56,599 --> 00:44:53,490
means the universe is accelerating in

1026
00:44:59,089 --> 00:44:56,609
its expansion completely unexpected

1027
00:45:00,740 --> 00:44:59,099
complete surprise but the universe is

1028
00:45:04,549 --> 00:45:00,750
accelerating something we found out

1029
00:45:06,230 --> 00:45:04,559
almost two decades ago now and so again

1030
00:45:08,319 --> 00:45:06,240
by studying these supernovae was one of

1031
00:45:10,069 --> 00:45:08,329
the ways that that we found this out and

1032
00:45:13,069 --> 00:45:10,079
supernovae have this really great

1033
00:45:16,670 --> 00:45:13,079
property that they're very constant so

1034
00:45:19,099 --> 00:45:16,680
they get their normal stars that blow up

1035
00:45:21,380 --> 00:45:19,109
and they get really really bright in a

1036
00:45:23,809 --> 00:45:21,390
very short period of time and then their

1037
00:45:25,940 --> 00:45:23,819
brightness drops off and so because of

1038
00:45:27,620 --> 00:45:25,950
the regularity of the supernovae we're

1039
00:45:29,509 --> 00:45:27,630
able to study them in detail and again

1040
00:45:33,170 --> 00:45:29,519
determine the distances to galaxies

1041
00:45:36,410 --> 00:45:33,180
which is what confirmed this idea that

1042
00:45:37,759 --> 00:45:36,420
the galaxies the further galaxies the

1043
00:45:38,930 --> 00:45:37,769
most distant galaxies that we could

1044
00:45:41,440 --> 00:45:38,940
observe these in we're moving away

1045
00:45:43,910 --> 00:45:41,450
faster than we expected

1046
00:45:46,039 --> 00:45:43,920
so that's the first line of evidence

1047
00:45:47,990 --> 00:45:46,049
second line of evidence is from the

1048
00:45:50,059 --> 00:45:48,000
Cosmic Microwave Background which I'm

1049
00:45:51,589 --> 00:45:50,069
actually gonna skip because I'm running

1050
00:45:53,509 --> 00:45:51,599
a little short on time we can come back

1051
00:45:57,049 --> 00:45:53,519
and talk about it if we want but this

1052
00:45:59,779 --> 00:45:57,059
third way was again by making these huge

1053
00:46:02,450 --> 00:45:59,789
maps of the nearby universe and looking

1054
00:46:05,390 --> 00:46:02,460
at how galaxies are distributed in space

1055
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:05,400
and basically from doing this we're also

1056
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:08,910
able to measure the speeds of distant

1057
00:46:15,109 --> 00:46:10,710
galaxies and this was sort of an

1058
00:46:17,299 --> 00:46:15,119
independent confirmation of how distant

1059
00:46:18,950 --> 00:46:17,309
galaxies removing away faster than we

1060
00:46:21,529 --> 00:46:18,960
thought they should have been so it's

1061
00:46:23,720 --> 00:46:21,539
sort of an independent way to measure

1062
00:46:25,549 --> 00:46:23,730
the stark energy and there are other

1063
00:46:27,589 --> 00:46:25,559
lines of evidence that sort of point

1064
00:46:28,329 --> 00:46:27,599
I'll point to this idea that there's

1065
00:46:30,309 --> 00:46:28,339
this

1066
00:46:32,620 --> 00:46:30,319
serious force in the universe that's

1067
00:46:35,079 --> 00:46:32,630
causing it to accelerate its expansion

1068
00:46:37,660 --> 00:46:35,089
okay so we have no idea what's causing

1069
00:46:40,229 --> 00:46:37,670
this we see that it's happening we don't

1070
00:46:43,749 --> 00:46:40,239
know why we don't know what it is

1071
00:46:44,259 --> 00:46:43,759
but we have a few ideas so what could it

1072
00:46:50,979 --> 00:46:44,269
be

1073
00:46:54,069 --> 00:46:50,989
property of space-time something about

1074
00:46:57,309 --> 00:46:54,079
space itself that's causing the universe

1075
00:47:01,239 --> 00:46:57,319
to expand and so Einstein actually

1076
00:47:04,269 --> 00:47:01,249
predicted this long long ago he did it

1077
00:47:07,870 --> 00:47:04,279
calling it his biggest blunder because

1078
00:47:09,130 --> 00:47:07,880
at the time basically the the leading

1079
00:47:11,019 --> 00:47:09,140
theory was the universe wasn't

1080
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:11,029
accelerating and now we find out that it

1081
00:47:16,719 --> 00:47:13,910
is so it's just some property of space

1082
00:47:18,819 --> 00:47:16,729
that basically says the empty space is

1083
00:47:21,640 --> 00:47:18,829
not really empty it's always sort of

1084
00:47:24,489 --> 00:47:21,650
creating new space so that's the

1085
00:47:25,079 --> 00:47:24,499
cosmological cosmic constant really

1086
00:47:28,329 --> 00:47:25,089
strange

1087
00:47:30,190 --> 00:47:28,339
so the second idea of what it could be

1088
00:47:34,269 --> 00:47:30,200
used causing this acceleration of the

1089
00:47:36,579 --> 00:47:34,279
universe is basically a new version of

1090
00:47:38,769 --> 00:47:36,589
gravity that we've got our theories of

1091
00:47:41,170 --> 00:47:38,779
gravity wrong and that we need to modify

1092
00:47:44,829 --> 00:47:41,180
then so that would say that general

1093
00:47:47,109 --> 00:47:44,839
relativity is not quite right on on

1094
00:47:50,259 --> 00:47:47,119
these scales so maybe Einstein was wrong

1095
00:47:52,630 --> 00:47:50,269
and then the third idea one of the

1096
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:52,640
another idea is that there's really just

1097
00:47:58,029 --> 00:47:56,210
some kind of new energy field that we we

1098
00:48:00,370 --> 00:47:58,039
haven't really theorized yet we haven't

1099
00:48:02,469 --> 00:48:00,380
really figured out yet so there's three

1100
00:48:05,769 --> 00:48:02,479
these three new are these three ideas

1101
00:48:09,099 --> 00:48:05,779
and we really don't know people are sort

1102
00:48:10,630 --> 00:48:09,109
of leaning towards the cot the first the

1103
00:48:13,299 --> 00:48:10,640
first idea that there's this

1104
00:48:16,029 --> 00:48:13,309
cosmological constant but what we really

1105
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:16,039
need is more data and of course that's

1106
00:48:22,209 --> 00:48:19,910
where the W first telescope comes in so

1107
00:48:25,150 --> 00:48:22,219
the W W first stands for a wide field

1108
00:48:28,569 --> 00:48:25,160
Infrared Survey telescope and it is

1109
00:48:31,559 --> 00:48:28,579
specifically designed to tackle this

1110
00:48:34,660 --> 00:48:31,569
question it's specifically designed to

1111
00:48:37,539 --> 00:48:34,670
study this effect of dark energy and

1112
00:48:40,269 --> 00:48:37,549
also of dark matter so how is it going

1113
00:48:41,240 --> 00:48:40,279
to do that one of the ways it's going to

1114
00:48:45,050 --> 00:48:41,250
do it

1115
00:48:47,420 --> 00:48:45,060
is to precisely measure galaxy shapes to

1116
00:48:49,160 --> 00:48:47,430
infer the amount of dark matter that

1117
00:48:52,100 --> 00:48:49,170
exists in the universe and this goes

1118
00:48:55,820 --> 00:48:52,110
back to this idea of gravitational

1119
00:48:57,680 --> 00:48:55,830
lensing so granny galaxy that's in front

1120
00:49:00,410 --> 00:48:57,690
of another galaxy is going to distort

1121
00:49:02,840 --> 00:49:00,420
the shape of the background galaxies and

1122
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:02,850
by precisely measuring those shapes

1123
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:05,610
we'll be able to figure out more about

1124
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:08,910
how the the intervening dark matter

1125
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:12,510
affects those galaxy shapes and then

1126
00:49:18,080 --> 00:49:15,510
another way is by very accurately

1127
00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:18,090
measuring the positions between galaxies

1128
00:49:22,190 --> 00:49:20,370
so it turns out that these positions

1129
00:49:24,140 --> 00:49:22,200
between the galaxies so if you think of

1130
00:49:26,540 --> 00:49:24,150
the universe in a three-dimensional

1131
00:49:29,360 --> 00:49:26,550
sense the positions that we measure

1132
00:49:31,880 --> 00:49:29,370
between the galaxies traces directly

1133
00:49:34,250 --> 00:49:31,890
back to shortly after the Big Bang and

1134
00:49:39,020 --> 00:49:34,260
to what happened in the universe early

1135
00:49:41,870 --> 00:49:39,030
on so that gets back to to the the very

1136
00:49:43,880 --> 00:49:41,880
early imprints in the universe for dark

1137
00:49:45,530 --> 00:49:43,890
energy and dark matter and all the

1138
00:49:48,260 --> 00:49:45,540
contents of the universe will help us

1139
00:49:51,590 --> 00:49:48,270
learn more about that and then getting

1140
00:49:53,690 --> 00:49:51,600
back to this idea of supernovae the this

1141
00:49:57,710 --> 00:49:53,700
telescope will allow us to take new

1142
00:49:59,150 --> 00:49:57,720
surveys of wider swaths of the sky that

1143
00:50:01,820 --> 00:49:59,160
will help us to determine more

1144
00:50:04,850 --> 00:50:01,830
supernovae basically - to narrow down

1145
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:04,860
those measurements and to pinpoint some

1146
00:50:10,790 --> 00:50:07,710
of these physical quantities of the

1147
00:50:13,700 --> 00:50:10,800
universe that will help us to establish

1148
00:50:16,310 --> 00:50:13,710
better distances to these galaxies just

1149
00:50:18,020 --> 00:50:16,320
to hone in on these parameters that

1150
00:50:21,170 --> 00:50:18,030
describe the overall physics of the

1151
00:50:23,480 --> 00:50:21,180
universe and so we have these three

1152
00:50:25,850 --> 00:50:23,490
fundamental things that the W first will

1153
00:50:29,180 --> 00:50:25,860
measure about the universe the galaxies

1154
00:50:32,180 --> 00:50:29,190
shapes the positions and the distances

1155
00:50:34,730 --> 00:50:32,190
to these distant galaxies and so these

1156
00:50:36,290 --> 00:50:34,740
things will give us hints in two

1157
00:50:39,290 --> 00:50:36,300
different parts of the universe about

1158
00:50:41,240 --> 00:50:39,300
how structure grows over time not only

1159
00:50:44,350 --> 00:50:41,250
the galaxies but how the galaxies weave

1160
00:50:47,030 --> 00:50:44,360
together in this overall cosmic web and

1161
00:50:49,340 --> 00:50:47,040
then also about how the expansion

1162
00:50:50,390 --> 00:50:49,350
history works again we know the universe

1163
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:50,400
is expanding

1164
00:50:54,769 --> 00:50:53,310
we know that it's accelerating but we

1165
00:50:56,209 --> 00:50:54,779
don't know what

1166
00:50:58,819 --> 00:50:56,219
three of that has been hasn't always

1167
00:51:01,759 --> 00:50:58,829
been accelerating at the same rate that

1168
00:51:03,409 --> 00:51:01,769
it is now so the further out we can push

1169
00:51:05,479 --> 00:51:03,419
these measurements and the more precise

1170
00:51:07,549 --> 00:51:05,489
we can make them the more we can learn

1171
00:51:10,459 --> 00:51:07,559
about these physical mechanisms that are

1172
00:51:12,949 --> 00:51:10,469
taking place and so what this will

1173
00:51:15,199 --> 00:51:12,959
eventually allow us to do as we hone in

1174
00:51:17,449 --> 00:51:15,209
on these measurements is really to allow

1175
00:51:19,640 --> 00:51:17,459
us to determine how the universe will

1176
00:51:22,759 --> 00:51:19,650
continue how it will end

1177
00:51:25,099 --> 00:51:22,769
if it'll end in a big freeze and a big

1178
00:51:28,939 --> 00:51:25,109
rip all of these different scenarios

1179
00:51:31,390 --> 00:51:28,949
that will allow us to to see how the how

1180
00:51:33,799 --> 00:51:31,400
we think the universe will continue on

1181
00:51:35,989 --> 00:51:33,809
so this again this telescope is

1182
00:51:38,140 --> 00:51:35,999
specifically designed to get at these

1183
00:51:40,609 --> 00:51:38,150
questions of dark energy and dark matter

1184
00:51:42,769 --> 00:51:40,619
but the really cool thing about the

1185
00:51:45,079 --> 00:51:42,779
technology that's going behind building

1186
00:51:48,499 --> 00:51:45,089
this telescope is it's gonna allow us to

1187
00:51:50,349 --> 00:51:48,509
look back also at the five percent and

1188
00:51:53,899 --> 00:51:50,359
about one of the really interesting

1189
00:51:58,219 --> 00:51:53,909
parts of the five percent which is

1190
00:52:00,999 --> 00:51:58,229
exoplanets now when I was a kid we only

1191
00:52:05,239 --> 00:52:01,009
knew of the planets in our solar system

1192
00:52:07,819 --> 00:52:05,249
now thanks to NASA's Kepler telescope we

1193
00:52:10,249 --> 00:52:07,829
know that planets are literally

1194
00:52:13,189 --> 00:52:10,259
everywhere the Milky Way is teeming with

1195
00:52:15,890 --> 00:52:13,199
planets statistically every star in the

1196
00:52:20,179 --> 00:52:15,900
night sky has at least one planet around

1197
00:52:21,859 --> 00:52:20,189
it that's a paradigm shift you know even

1198
00:52:25,130 --> 00:52:21,869
fifteen years ago we didn't know this

1199
00:52:28,039 --> 00:52:25,140
and so what W first is gonna allow us to

1200
00:52:30,380 --> 00:52:28,049
do it's a couple of different things for

1201
00:52:33,529 --> 00:52:30,390
exoplanets so it's gonna help us first

1202
00:52:36,649 --> 00:52:33,539
of all find more nearby exoplanets in a

1203
00:52:38,839 --> 00:52:36,659
different part of the the sort of solar

1204
00:52:41,239 --> 00:52:38,849
system space or the exoplanet system

1205
00:52:42,979 --> 00:52:41,249
space and then it will help us directly

1206
00:52:47,089 --> 00:52:42,989
characterize some of the closest

1207
00:52:49,130 --> 00:52:47,099
exoplanets that we know about today so

1208
00:52:51,939 --> 00:52:49,140
of all of these different planets this

1209
00:52:55,399 --> 00:52:51,949
is of course an artist's illustration

1210
00:52:57,199 --> 00:52:55,409
unfortunately we don't know the details

1211
00:52:58,909 --> 00:52:57,209
of these planets wouldn't be great if we

1212
00:53:01,699 --> 00:52:58,919
could actually draw all the planets we

1213
00:53:04,249 --> 00:53:01,709
know about in a poster like this but we

1214
00:53:06,890 --> 00:53:04,259
don't know what they look like

1215
00:53:09,529 --> 00:53:06,900
we know there are thousands of confirmed

1216
00:53:12,529 --> 00:53:09,539
exoplanets and again statistics just

1217
00:53:15,529 --> 00:53:12,539
tell us tells us that there are hundreds

1218
00:53:17,180 --> 00:53:15,539
of billions of exoplanets in our galaxy

1219
00:53:19,579 --> 00:53:17,190
and there's no reason to think they

1220
00:53:21,979 --> 00:53:19,589
wouldn't be in other galaxies as well we

1221
00:53:23,359 --> 00:53:21,989
don't know what they look like but W

1222
00:53:25,729 --> 00:53:23,369
first will have the capability to

1223
00:53:27,859 --> 00:53:25,739
directly image some of the closest and

1224
00:53:31,279 --> 00:53:27,869
brightest ones so how do we do that so

1225
00:53:34,069 --> 00:53:31,289
all of our our best images actual images

1226
00:53:37,370 --> 00:53:34,079
of exoplanets to date are these tiny

1227
00:53:39,199 --> 00:53:37,380
little blobs not very pretty right so w

1228
00:53:40,219 --> 00:53:39,209
first we'll have an instrument called a

1229
00:53:42,319 --> 00:53:40,229
coronagraph

1230
00:53:44,870 --> 00:53:42,329
which is basically an instrument that

1231
00:53:48,319 --> 00:53:44,880
blocks out the very very bright light of

1232
00:53:51,709 --> 00:53:48,329
a star and allows us to focus in on the

1233
00:53:54,890 --> 00:53:51,719
planets to better image the the planets

1234
00:53:59,150 --> 00:53:54,900
that are orbiting that star now this is

1235
00:54:03,739 --> 00:53:59,160
very difficult planet our stars are very

1236
00:54:05,989 --> 00:54:03,749
very bright stars are tiny or planets or

1237
00:54:08,569 --> 00:54:05,999
stars are bright planets are tiny and

1238
00:54:10,699 --> 00:54:08,579
they're hard to see and so doing this is

1239
00:54:13,489 --> 00:54:10,709
extremely difficult but w first is gonna

1240
00:54:15,140 --> 00:54:13,499
have a new capability to do this in a

1241
00:54:16,759 --> 00:54:15,150
new way now it's not gonna be this

1242
00:54:19,249 --> 00:54:16,769
detail it's not even gonna be close so

1243
00:54:20,959 --> 00:54:19,259
this is a little misleading but it's

1244
00:54:25,339 --> 00:54:20,969
really going to be a new technology a

1245
00:54:28,870 --> 00:54:25,349
new way to do this in a really new way

1246
00:54:31,430 --> 00:54:28,880
and so just to give you a sense here

1247
00:54:33,979 --> 00:54:31,440
this is showing you sort of the area

1248
00:54:36,380 --> 00:54:33,989
that Kepler looks for and all those

1249
00:54:39,529 --> 00:54:36,390
exoplanets a coupler is found we're

1250
00:54:41,870 --> 00:54:39,539
launching a telescope called Tess next

1251
00:54:44,989 --> 00:54:41,880
year in early 2018 it's the transiting

1252
00:54:48,349 --> 00:54:44,999
exoplanet survey satellite from NASA

1253
00:54:51,199 --> 00:54:48,359
so that particular telescope is going to

1254
00:54:53,420 --> 00:54:51,209
look at particularly at the closest

1255
00:54:55,910 --> 00:54:53,430
exoplanet center a milky way and look

1256
00:54:59,449 --> 00:54:55,920
close in at the the planets that are

1257
00:55:01,430 --> 00:54:59,459
really close to their star so what dubby

1258
00:55:04,069 --> 00:55:01,440
first is gonna do is expand that it's

1259
00:55:05,630 --> 00:55:04,079
gonna look look for the bigger planets

1260
00:55:07,969 --> 00:55:05,640
that are orbiting further out from the

1261
00:55:09,979 --> 00:55:07,979
stars and so it's basically gonna help

1262
00:55:12,259 --> 00:55:09,989
us to with these three telescopes and

1263
00:55:13,180 --> 00:55:12,269
others help us to sort of complete the

1264
00:55:16,330 --> 00:55:13,190
fences

1265
00:55:20,170 --> 00:55:16,340
of exoplanet systems in our nearby Milky

1266
00:55:21,610 --> 00:55:20,180
Way galaxy so one of the really neat

1267
00:55:24,820 --> 00:55:21,620
ways that's going to do this is by

1268
00:55:27,070 --> 00:55:24,830
technique called micro lensing so this

1269
00:55:29,320 --> 00:55:27,080
goes back to the same physics principles

1270
00:55:32,050 --> 00:55:29,330
as gravitational lensing is when you

1271
00:55:34,720 --> 00:55:32,060
have one object that passes in front of

1272
00:55:37,210 --> 00:55:34,730
another and in this particular case you

1273
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:37,220
have a star and a planet that's gonna

1274
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:39,710
pass in front of a background source and

1275
00:55:45,520 --> 00:55:42,710
what happens when you have this

1276
00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:45,530
particular arrangement is that we get a

1277
00:55:49,720 --> 00:55:48,530
very unique spectral signature that we

1278
00:55:53,050 --> 00:55:49,730
can easily detect

1279
00:55:55,810 --> 00:55:53,060
and that tells us that we have a planet

1280
00:55:58,210 --> 00:55:55,820
now where's a good place to look for

1281
00:56:00,550 --> 00:55:58,220
this in the disk of the Milky Way if we

1282
00:56:03,190 --> 00:56:00,560
look right down the throat of the Milky

1283
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:03,200
Way galaxy where stars are packed in

1284
00:56:07,180 --> 00:56:05,510
then you're very likely to have this

1285
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:07,190
occurrence happening happening pretty

1286
00:56:12,670 --> 00:56:10,010
often and so what we expect with the

1287
00:56:15,120 --> 00:56:12,680
dhobi first micro lensing survey is to

1288
00:56:17,890 --> 00:56:15,130
see this micro lensing effect these

1289
00:56:20,560 --> 00:56:17,900
planets and stars passing in front of

1290
00:56:23,530 --> 00:56:20,570
background stars happen very often and

1291
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:23,540
so this is a plot that shows down here

1292
00:56:28,120 --> 00:56:25,910
on the x-axis this is distance of the

1293
00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:28,130
planet from the star they use

1294
00:56:33,490 --> 00:56:31,010
astronomical units one is the Earth's

1295
00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:33,500
distance from the Sun and here's the

1296
00:56:36,990 --> 00:56:35,810
planet's mass so the earth right there

1297
00:56:40,330 --> 00:56:37,000
one and one

1298
00:56:43,180 --> 00:56:40,340
so with Kepler is found again has been

1299
00:56:45,880 --> 00:56:43,190
mostly sort of smallish planets really

1300
00:56:48,310 --> 00:56:45,890
close to their stars what W first is

1301
00:56:50,380 --> 00:56:48,320
gonna do is push out to find planets

1302
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:50,390
that are more like our gas giants that

1303
00:56:59,500 --> 00:56:54,110
are orbiting stars close to our close in

1304
00:57:03,030 --> 00:56:59,510
to to our solar system is so W first has

1305
00:57:06,130 --> 00:57:03,040
all of these really sort of grand goals

1306
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:06,140
it's really being built to answer some

1307
00:57:10,720 --> 00:57:08,810
of the most fundamental puzzling

1308
00:57:14,890 --> 00:57:10,730
questions that we have in astrophysics

1309
00:57:19,630 --> 00:57:14,900
today so how in the world are we gonna

1310
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:19,640
do this the key thing about w first is

1311
00:57:26,370 --> 00:57:23,810
the enormous size of the camera and of

1312
00:57:29,640 --> 00:57:26,380
the pictures that it will take

1313
00:57:32,430 --> 00:57:29,650
so that little square here it's the size

1314
00:57:33,060 --> 00:57:32,440
of the Hubble's camera so one pointing

1315
00:57:35,280 --> 00:57:33,070
with Hubble

1316
00:57:39,020 --> 00:57:35,290
so that Hubble ultra-deep field I showed

1317
00:57:43,230 --> 00:57:39,030
you all the images of the planets of the

1318
00:57:46,610 --> 00:57:43,240
the nebulae so W first will have an area

1319
00:57:50,640 --> 00:57:46,620
that's a hundred times the area of

1320
00:57:53,670 --> 00:57:50,650
Hubble and this is critical also with

1321
00:57:56,130 --> 00:57:53,680
the same depth and clarity that Hubble

1322
00:57:57,840 --> 00:57:56,140
has now we have telescopes on the ground

1323
00:58:01,860 --> 00:57:57,850
that are able to take these big wide

1324
00:58:05,070 --> 00:58:01,870
images but they are very shallow they're

1325
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:05,080
very low resolution okay and so what you

1326
00:58:09,540 --> 00:58:07,210
really get with W first is sort of the

1327
00:58:12,210 --> 00:58:09,550
best of both worlds you get the depth

1328
00:58:15,870 --> 00:58:12,220
and the clarity and the precision of

1329
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:15,880
Hubble with this gigantic field of view

1330
00:58:21,380 --> 00:58:19,210
this giant area and so this is basically

1331
00:58:24,510 --> 00:58:21,390
going to be Hubble times 100

1332
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:24,520
so with this telescope again we hope to

1333
00:58:29,340 --> 00:58:26,710
sort of start to unlock some of these

1334
00:58:31,050 --> 00:58:29,350
mysteries of dark energy we hope to

1335
00:58:34,350 --> 00:58:31,060
learn more about some of the nearest

1336
00:58:36,390 --> 00:58:34,360
exoplanets in our own Milky Way but this

1337
00:58:39,330 --> 00:58:36,400
telescope is also going to be an

1338
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:39,340
incredible tool just for general

1339
00:58:44,970 --> 00:58:42,310
astrophysics so all of these surveys

1340
00:58:47,310 --> 00:58:44,980
that W first will take that will help us

1341
00:58:51,180 --> 00:58:47,320
learn about dark energy help us learn

1342
00:58:54,120 --> 00:58:51,190
about exoplanets will be available to

1343
00:58:55,770 --> 00:58:54,130
astronomers and to the public to do what

1344
00:58:57,990 --> 00:58:55,780
I think will be really incredible

1345
00:59:00,900 --> 00:58:58,000
general astrophysics so just to give you

1346
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:00,910
a couple of examples of that as I

1347
00:59:04,710 --> 00:59:03,310
mentioned to find exoplanets the best

1348
00:59:08,460 --> 00:59:04,720
way to do this is to look down the

1349
00:59:10,890 --> 00:59:08,470
throat of our own Milky Way galaxy so

1350
00:59:13,770 --> 00:59:10,900
again here we have the Hubble field of

1351
00:59:15,990 --> 00:59:13,780
view JT wristy it's very similar to

1352
00:59:19,590 --> 00:59:16,000
Hubble and then it sees a little tiny

1353
00:59:22,650 --> 00:59:19,600
picture on the sky but again dolby first

1354
00:59:25,230 --> 00:59:22,660
we get a hundred times the area and so

1355
00:59:28,560 --> 00:59:25,240
when we survey the center of the Milky

1356
00:59:30,770 --> 00:59:28,570
Way galaxy with W first in as few is

1357
00:59:31,950 --> 00:59:30,780
just you know a few less than ten

1358
00:59:34,710 --> 00:59:31,960
pointings

1359
00:59:37,920 --> 00:59:34,720
of w first you basically survey the

1360
00:59:39,259 --> 00:59:37,930
entire central center part of the Milky

1361
00:59:40,909 --> 00:59:39,269
Way galaxy

1362
00:59:43,549 --> 00:59:40,919
and you're able to learn so much more

1363
00:59:45,979 --> 00:59:43,559
about all of these different ranges of

1364
00:59:47,839 --> 00:59:45,989
astrophysics so what's going on with the

1365
00:59:49,669 --> 00:59:47,849
black the super giant black hole at the

1366
00:59:52,639 --> 00:59:49,679
center of our galaxy what's going on

1367
00:59:56,329 --> 00:59:52,649
with how young star clusters form so a

1368
00:59:58,759 --> 00:59:56,339
huge range of astrophysics that we'll be

1369
00:59:59,809 --> 00:59:58,769
able to do with these surveys and then I

1370
01:00:01,459 --> 00:59:59,819
mentioned that the Hubble Ultra Deep

1371
01:00:02,479 --> 01:00:01,469
Field was my personal favorite because

1372
01:00:05,059 --> 01:00:02,489
that's why I did a lot of my

1373
01:00:07,159 --> 01:00:05,069
dissertation research on so with the

1374
01:00:10,579 --> 01:00:07,169
whole Ultra Deep Field that one little

1375
01:00:14,989 --> 01:00:10,589
tiny piece of sky revealed ten thousand

1376
01:00:17,359 --> 01:00:14,999
galaxies but one pointing with w first

1377
01:00:19,370 --> 01:00:17,369
at a hundred of times the field of view

1378
01:00:23,299 --> 01:00:19,380
that's easy math right we're gonna see a

1379
01:00:26,599 --> 01:00:23,309
million galaxies in just one image with

1380
01:00:28,459 --> 01:00:26,609
W first again with the same depth and

1381
01:00:31,819 --> 01:00:28,469
clarity that we've been able to achieve

1382
01:00:34,039 --> 01:00:31,829
with Hubble and so I really believe me

1383
01:00:35,809 --> 01:00:34,049
being an extra galactic astrophysicist

1384
01:00:38,809 --> 01:00:35,819
that this telescope is gonna

1385
01:00:42,499 --> 01:00:38,819
revolutionize the way that we understand

1386
01:00:44,439 --> 01:00:42,509
how the universe works over the course

1387
01:00:46,759 --> 01:00:44,449
of cosmic history it'll change the way

1388
01:00:51,649 --> 01:00:46,769
that we understand the evolution of

1389
01:00:53,120 --> 01:00:51,659
galaxies over time so all of these

1390
01:00:54,979 --> 01:00:53,130
different things that we have planned

1391
01:00:56,899 --> 01:00:54,989
for the telescope again these specific

1392
01:00:59,809 --> 01:00:56,909
surveys to figure out how dark energy

1393
01:01:03,589 --> 01:00:59,819
works how exoplanet works exoplanets

1394
01:01:04,939 --> 01:01:03,599
work I think for me one of the things

1395
01:01:06,229 --> 01:01:04,949
we're having we're having a science

1396
01:01:09,259 --> 01:01:06,239
conference right now here at the

1397
01:01:10,939 --> 01:01:09,269
Institute on W first science so a bunch

1398
01:01:13,279 --> 01:01:10,949
of astronomers are here from all over

1399
01:01:15,319 --> 01:01:13,289
the country all over the world to think

1400
01:01:17,629 --> 01:01:15,329
about what this awesome Observatory is

1401
01:01:19,399 --> 01:01:17,639
going to do and one of the comments I

1402
01:01:21,139 --> 01:01:19,409
heard yesterday I think is is probably

1403
01:01:23,599 --> 01:01:21,149
the most significant thing I've heard

1404
01:01:25,669 --> 01:01:23,609
and it was in reference to the Hubble

1405
01:01:28,099 --> 01:01:25,679
Space Telescope and the continent was

1406
01:01:30,289 --> 01:01:28,109
basically that you know Hubble was built

1407
01:01:33,799 --> 01:01:30,299
to answer a few key science questions of

1408
01:01:37,269 --> 01:01:33,809
its day but if you build a telescope if

1409
01:01:40,789 --> 01:01:37,279
you build a really extraordinary machine

1410
01:01:44,569 --> 01:01:40,799
then the community is going to find new

1411
01:01:46,819 --> 01:01:44,579
and novel ways to use that machine to

1412
01:01:49,549 --> 01:01:46,829
find things about the universe that we

1413
01:01:51,499 --> 01:01:49,559
never dreamed of and to me as a

1414
01:01:52,490 --> 01:01:51,509
scientist that's the most exciting thing

1415
01:01:55,550 --> 01:01:52,500
about being a sign

1416
01:01:57,710 --> 01:01:55,560
is we build these missions with these

1417
01:02:00,140 --> 01:01:57,720
very specific questions in mind these

1418
01:02:02,960 --> 01:02:00,150
these these specific things that we want

1419
01:02:06,320 --> 01:02:02,970
to answer but the fact is is when we

1420
01:02:08,540 --> 01:02:06,330
build these telescopes we find answers

1421
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:08,550
to questions that we didn't even think

1422
01:02:14,089 --> 01:02:11,010
to ask when we were building them and

1423
01:02:15,589 --> 01:02:14,099
that overall is I believe the promise of

1424
01:02:19,540 --> 01:02:15,599
the universe and why we build these

1425
01:03:03,320 --> 01:02:19,550
missions thanks so much

1426
01:03:03,330 --> 01:03:07,299
[Music]

1427
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:14,779
so they were meant to seeing wide fields

1428
01:03:21,559 --> 01:03:19,410
for anyway the DoD gave of these years

1429
01:03:24,019 --> 01:03:21,569
right so we're not going down well

1430
01:03:25,370 --> 01:03:24,029
enough of these years I'm launching

1431
01:03:29,719 --> 01:03:25,380
we're planning to launch the

1432
01:03:34,999 --> 01:03:29,729
mid-twenties oh yeah right

1433
01:03:38,269 --> 01:03:35,009
we're building so the James Webb Space

1434
01:03:42,380 --> 01:03:38,279
Telescope gonna be launched next year

1435
01:03:44,359 --> 01:03:42,390
and the Webb telescope is denying answer

1436
01:03:46,969 --> 01:03:44,369
different questions the Webb telescope

1437
01:03:48,429 --> 01:03:46,979
in many ways is really the scientific

1438
01:03:52,160 --> 01:03:48,439
successor to Hubble

1439
01:03:54,169 --> 01:03:52,170
so when is going to be further into the

1440
01:03:57,799 --> 01:03:54,179
infrared so it sees a different part of

1441
01:03:59,809 --> 01:03:57,809
the spectrum so AWS is also an infrared

1442
01:04:01,669 --> 01:03:59,819
telescope but it only sees a little bit

1443
01:04:05,120 --> 01:04:01,679
of a threat and again the key thing

1444
01:04:07,849 --> 01:04:05,130
about 30 verses is why huge trifle of

1445
01:04:10,519 --> 01:04:07,859
you so we're gonna be super Hubble and

1446
01:04:13,279 --> 01:04:10,529
then it sees a little part of this guy

1447
01:04:15,949 --> 01:04:13,289
but when we're going to see much winter

1448
01:04:18,289 --> 01:04:15,959
pearl so what was the deeper than

1449
01:04:20,959 --> 01:04:18,299
problem and what will see deeper and

1450
01:04:24,499 --> 01:04:20,969
don't we first will be more resolution

1451
01:04:26,839 --> 01:04:24,509
that with the web that's right yes but

1452
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:26,849
we're resolution but also because he's

1453
01:04:30,490 --> 01:04:28,310
further

1454
01:04:35,140 --> 01:04:30,500
the spectrum is able to see different

1455
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:35,150
things so for example I showed the sort

1456
01:04:39,970 --> 01:04:37,010
of flying through the holiday seal and

1457
01:04:41,950 --> 01:04:39,980
so in the D field we come to an edge and

1458
01:04:43,930 --> 01:04:41,960
what we can see with Hubble and that's

1459
01:04:47,230 --> 01:04:43,940
really the kind of couple cuts off at

1460
01:04:49,180 --> 01:04:47,240
the near-infrared wavelengths so to see

1461
01:04:51,640 --> 01:04:49,190
the most distant galaxies to see for

1462
01:04:53,920 --> 01:04:51,650
example the first segment of galaxies

1463
01:04:55,990 --> 01:04:53,930
that were born in the Big Bang we need

1464
01:04:58,090 --> 01:04:56,000
to see further into the infrared part of

1465
01:05:00,660 --> 01:04:58,100
the spectrum and that's exactly what web

1466
01:05:03,610 --> 01:05:00,670
is designed to do when it will also have

1467
01:05:06,670 --> 01:05:03,620
instruments on born that are designed to

1468
01:05:10,540 --> 01:05:06,680
do transit spectroscopy so web is a

1469
01:05:13,930 --> 01:05:10,550
really really incredible high resolution

1470
01:05:15,580 --> 01:05:13,940
spectrograph that W first inhabited OB

1471
01:05:17,830 --> 01:05:15,590
first has low resolution spectrograph

1472
01:05:20,950 --> 01:05:17,840
it'll allow us to do a different set of

1473
01:05:23,980 --> 01:05:20,960
science so web and dummy first are

1474
01:05:31,540 --> 01:05:23,990
different but they're complementary and

1475
01:05:33,010 --> 01:05:31,550
so look like stronger stream is one cool

1476
01:05:34,960 --> 01:05:33,020
thing that nobody first will be able to

1477
01:05:37,230 --> 01:05:34,970
do with this huge Bible of you

1478
01:05:40,510 --> 01:05:37,240
it's mines are the most rare objects

1479
01:05:43,960 --> 01:05:40,520
okay so you can imagine like the the

1480
01:05:46,150 --> 01:05:43,970
biggest hugest discount distant galaxies

1481
01:05:48,280 --> 01:05:46,160
so now these are very distant but for

1482
01:05:50,140 --> 01:05:48,290
whatever reason have to be huge but so

1483
01:05:52,300 --> 01:05:50,150
they're probably really really rare

1484
01:05:55,120 --> 01:05:52,310
you called it my heads of other things

1485
01:05:57,190 --> 01:05:55,130
like this that were very rare and so you

1486
01:05:59,920 --> 01:05:57,200
know why will you see these rare things

1487
01:06:05,740 --> 01:05:59,930
and so what would be able to find these

1488
01:06:07,690 --> 01:06:05,750
rare things be my nursery but we might

1489
01:06:11,560 --> 01:06:07,700
want to go back to take detailed spectra

1490
01:06:13,750 --> 01:06:11,570
of them and so our hope is definitely

1491
01:06:19,380 --> 01:06:13,760
that double universe will launch in the

1492
01:06:23,770 --> 01:06:19,390
mid 2020s so we'll have morality

1493
01:06:30,350 --> 01:06:26,780
although Hubble doing really great way

1494
01:06:44,150 --> 01:06:30,360
to help Wow to have all three at one

1495
01:06:48,320 --> 01:06:44,160
time first of all is just the detector

1496
01:06:51,230 --> 01:06:48,330
detector technology so so you know Hall

1497
01:06:53,360 --> 01:06:51,240
has a sort of limited amount of space in

1498
01:06:55,610 --> 01:06:53,370
places where you can actually place the

1499
01:06:58,010 --> 01:06:55,620
detectors and of course you know we've

1500
01:07:02,090 --> 01:06:58,020
been doubling down on for the last time

1501
01:07:04,460 --> 01:07:02,100
so we've done our last upgrade but for

1502
01:07:07,640 --> 01:07:04,470
dummy versus specifically focusing on

1503
01:07:10,580 --> 01:07:07,650
these detector arrays that are just huge

1504
01:07:12,980 --> 01:07:10,590
they're massive so it's really just

1505
01:07:14,780 --> 01:07:12,990
hacking those detectors those advanced

1506
01:07:17,720 --> 01:07:14,790
detectors and also detectives that are

1507
01:07:19,730 --> 01:07:17,730
it's just a big focal plane and then

1508
01:07:22,790 --> 01:07:19,740
also having just the configuration in

1509
01:07:24,350 --> 01:07:22,800
the telescope itself makes it such that

1510
01:07:26,720 --> 01:07:24,360
sort of the focal length of the

1511
01:07:29,840 --> 01:07:26,730
telescope allow them to housewife with

1512
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:29,850
you so if you've done home housing the

1513
01:07:33,980 --> 01:07:31,710
size compare that oh that's a good

1514
01:07:35,930 --> 01:07:33,990
question and we'll get back to that so

1515
01:07:38,030 --> 01:07:35,940
uh so really just you know the

1516
01:07:40,430 --> 01:07:38,040
configuration of a telescope that focal

1517
01:07:42,890 --> 01:07:40,440
length and all of that gives it sort of

1518
01:07:45,560 --> 01:07:42,900
its parameters of how we can see the

1519
01:07:47,690 --> 01:07:45,570
universe so Hubble is sort of this sort

1520
01:07:51,650 --> 01:07:47,700
of long tube but what you think of The

1521
01:07:53,810 --> 01:07:51,660
Bachelor telesco dummy versus people

1522
01:07:56,120 --> 01:07:53,820
sort of affectionately call it a stub

1523
01:07:58,910 --> 01:07:56,130
helpful so it's the same year science

1524
01:08:00,410 --> 01:07:58,920
Hubble but it's sort of sure so it's got

1525
01:08:01,850 --> 01:08:00,420
a different focal length and so it just

1526
01:08:03,710 --> 01:08:01,860
allows the CD universe in a different

1527
01:08:05,510 --> 01:08:03,720
way so just so we're going to build

1528
01:08:07,970 --> 01:08:05,520
differently and then it kind of this

1529
01:08:09,770 --> 01:08:07,980
different detector right combination

1530
01:08:12,970 --> 01:08:09,780
they make sure the be measured in the

1531
01:08:15,910 --> 01:08:12,980
wavelength coverage because

1532
01:08:18,220 --> 01:08:15,920
just read the important first kana me

1533
01:08:26,410 --> 01:08:18,230
you cannot do all about astronomy from

1534
01:08:28,269 --> 01:08:26,420
the ground is really critical here so as

1535
01:08:30,579 --> 01:08:28,279
astronomers we want to see the universe

1536
01:08:31,959 --> 01:08:30,589
in as many ways as we can so why do we

1537
01:08:35,079 --> 01:08:31,969
put all these different telescopes to

1538
01:08:37,620 --> 01:08:35,089
see University and your instead Hubble's

1539
01:08:41,499 --> 01:08:37,630
but only the only telescope we have

1540
01:08:44,170 --> 01:08:41,509
right now they can see the ultimate

1541
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:44,180
universe and galaxies the only house so

1542
01:08:48,010 --> 01:08:46,310
he has to set a little bit but whether

1543
01:08:50,979 --> 01:08:48,020
you've ability right now Hubble is the

1544
01:08:53,229 --> 01:08:50,989
prime telescope for ultraviolet visible

1545
01:08:55,959 --> 01:08:53,239
and then all things get a little bit as

1546
01:08:58,450 --> 01:08:55,969
we near infrared so dummy first is

1547
01:09:01,390 --> 01:08:58,460
planned to see in the infrared and then

1548
01:09:03,220 --> 01:09:01,400
when will be infrared plus out to the

1549
01:09:06,010 --> 01:09:03,230
mid infrared so it's just sort of about

1550
01:09:07,539 --> 01:09:06,020
covering the whole spectrum and then I'm

1551
01:09:10,690 --> 01:09:07,549
sawing about here but to answer your

1552
01:09:13,840 --> 01:09:10,700
question about size so Hubble it on the

1553
01:09:17,380 --> 01:09:13,850
sides was a school bus roughly it's

1554
01:09:20,950 --> 01:09:17,390
neater it's Mears 2.4 meters that's the

1555
01:09:25,180 --> 01:09:20,960
same size of the W first mirror when is

1556
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:25,190
its primary mirror is six and a half

1557
01:09:31,510 --> 01:09:28,310
meters so about 22 feet across so what

1558
01:09:35,890 --> 01:09:31,520
is huge to go back to this other picture

1559
01:09:37,780 --> 01:09:35,900
computer when is by are the biggest

1560
01:09:44,320 --> 01:09:37,790
telescope that we've ever sent to space

1561
01:09:45,999 --> 01:09:44,330
can you back to in there we go so top to

1562
01:09:49,380 --> 01:09:46,009
bottom this is six and half meters not

1563
01:09:55,560 --> 01:09:49,390
21 feet what you don't see in this image

1564
01:10:00,669 --> 01:09:57,670
this structure he's looking on the

1565
01:10:03,339 --> 01:10:00,679
bottom a tennis court to talk about

1566
01:10:05,709 --> 01:10:03,349
over three stories tall so it's fun for

1567
01:10:08,199 --> 01:10:05,719
the big telescope we are into space so

1568
01:10:10,390 --> 01:10:08,209
what is it definitely unique in essence

1569
01:10:23,529 --> 01:10:10,400
and how big it is then of course we have

1570
01:10:25,870 --> 01:10:23,539
to fold it up to watch it I just have a

1571
01:10:28,390 --> 01:10:25,880
quick question so you had an image that

1572
01:10:30,609 --> 01:10:28,400
showed the visible matter and the dark

1573
01:10:32,589 --> 01:10:30,619
energy of the dark matter but you had it

1574
01:10:34,089 --> 01:10:32,599
narrowed down to percent so how are you

1575
01:10:42,759 --> 01:10:34,099
able to figure out sixty eight and

1576
01:10:48,350 --> 01:10:42,769
twenty seven and five constraints that

1577
01:10:48,360 --> 01:10:53,819
[Music]

1578
01:11:02,140 --> 01:10:57,640
through this imprint this image of the

1579
01:11:04,330 --> 01:11:02,150
baby universe that it's about 400,000

1580
01:11:08,080 --> 01:11:04,340
years after the Big Bang and we can

1581
01:11:09,879 --> 01:11:08,090
basically measure sort of details about

1582
01:11:12,129 --> 01:11:09,889
that image that tell us a little bit

1583
01:11:13,959 --> 01:11:12,139
about one thing evolution of the

1584
01:11:16,209 --> 01:11:13,969
universal being what the different

1585
01:11:19,540 --> 01:11:16,219
percentages will be so this is deep into

1586
01:11:20,679 --> 01:11:19,550
the theoretical cosmology so mostly what

1587
01:11:23,259 --> 01:11:20,689
I've talked about tonight is

1588
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:23,269
observational cosmology or observational

1589
01:11:27,549 --> 01:11:25,610
astrophysics I'm a conservationist

1590
01:11:29,049 --> 01:11:27,559
this is families data to study the

1591
01:11:31,270 --> 01:11:29,059
University of courses and there's this

1592
01:11:34,149 --> 01:11:31,280
whole other set of astronomers that we

1593
01:11:40,080 --> 01:11:34,159
work really closely with that do

1594
01:11:42,399 --> 01:11:40,090
complete you know and then there's a

1595
01:11:44,589 --> 01:11:42,409
sort of one that same scale

1596
01:11:47,310 --> 01:11:44,599
there are astronomers that out-of-work

1597
01:11:49,810 --> 01:11:47,320
man was confused those that develop

1598
01:11:51,290 --> 01:11:49,820
computer models of how we work and so

1599
01:11:55,430 --> 01:11:51,300
all these sort of different

1600
01:11:58,470 --> 01:11:55,440
work together so the theoretical

1601
01:12:00,120 --> 01:11:58,480
resistance are the ones that work out

1602
01:12:01,680 --> 01:12:00,130
what these different percentages should

1603
01:12:03,840 --> 01:12:01,690
be we don't think those different

1604
01:12:07,230 --> 01:12:03,850
percentage those percentages have always

1605
01:12:09,660 --> 01:12:07,240
been that so for example the universe

1606
01:12:13,260 --> 01:12:09,670
and the center as we know is expanding

1607
01:12:15,120 --> 01:12:13,270
and so the volume of the universe is

1608
01:12:18,120 --> 01:12:15,130
getting bigger over time so we think

1609
01:12:23,280 --> 01:12:18,130
these percentages have changed over the

1610
01:12:26,130 --> 01:12:23,290
course of time so it's a complex fast by

1611
01:12:29,130 --> 01:12:26,140
nature is a complex question with a

1612
01:12:32,510 --> 01:12:29,140
complex answer there's lots of different

1613
01:12:35,370 --> 01:12:32,520
ways of observation that leads to us

1614
01:12:37,110 --> 01:12:35,380
kind of right at those numbers as one of

1615
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:37,120
those theorists I can give you a real

1616
01:12:44,280 --> 01:12:42,210
destroyed answer the Spanish computer

1617
01:12:47,490 --> 01:12:44,290
decelerating and then takes over has

1618
01:12:49,500 --> 01:12:47,500
accelerate the timing of that change or

1619
01:13:11,850 --> 01:12:49,510
when it goes from decelerating to

1620
01:13:16,340 --> 01:13:11,860
acceleration is thank you yes on that

1621
01:13:18,930 --> 01:13:16,350
same point so 27% dark matter

1622
01:13:21,090 --> 01:13:18,940
does that mean that the mean density of

1623
01:13:23,340 --> 01:13:21,100
the universe is now greater than the

1624
01:13:25,110 --> 01:13:23,350
critical density meaning that it's a

1625
01:13:27,540 --> 01:13:25,120
finite volume and closed

1626
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:27,550
this is also for dr. summers to people

1627
01:13:33,420 --> 01:13:30,910
but but beyond that if the universe is

1628
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:33,430
also expanding meaning the space fabric

1629
01:13:37,950 --> 01:13:36,010
itself is moving in some and though the

1630
01:13:47,040 --> 01:13:37,960
way how then you calculate the volume

1631
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:48,300
[Music]

1632
01:13:56,170 --> 01:13:53,810
yes we know the universe's so it's

1633
01:14:09,850 --> 01:13:56,180
closed and find a new buyer at this

1634
01:14:12,790 --> 01:14:09,860
point so we're pretty sure that the

1635
01:14:16,090 --> 01:14:12,800
geometry here versus flat we know that

1636
01:14:18,730 --> 01:14:16,100
is expanding we have this celery

1637
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:18,740
we think that volume is getting bigger

1638
01:14:24,640 --> 01:14:22,010
but again the best theories of dark

1639
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:24,650
energy tell us that empty space is

1640
01:14:31,660 --> 01:14:28,610
constantly creating new spaces right and

1641
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:31,670
so on so even though the the volume is

1642
01:14:38,710 --> 01:14:34,010
getting bigger that so the density

1643
01:14:42,370 --> 01:14:38,720
overall is should be going down so in so

1644
01:14:44,620 --> 01:14:42,380
in the past the fraction of dark matter

1645
01:14:46,450 --> 01:14:44,630
would have for example the greater the

1646
01:14:48,730 --> 01:14:46,460
Russian variance would be greater so

1647
01:14:51,970 --> 01:14:48,740
dark meters you have less of an effect

1648
01:14:53,830 --> 01:14:51,980
early on in the universe okay so the

1649
01:15:11,359 --> 01:14:53,840
infected dark energy is getting greater

1650
01:15:49,770 --> 01:15:47,339
the universe extreme acceleration so I

1651
01:15:52,889 --> 01:15:49,780
question W first be able to answer

1652
01:16:24,179 --> 01:15:52,899
whether supernovae are composed of

1653
01:16:34,669 --> 01:16:24,189
single degenerate or BB heads and so we

1654
01:16:34,679 --> 01:16:43,800
the same thing I wanted to be there

1655
01:17:43,150 --> 01:17:39,050
[Music]

1656
01:17:49,730 --> 01:17:47,410
pretty easy fix it something's in space

1657
01:17:52,370 --> 01:17:49,740
in the hole we were able to send

1658
01:17:54,200 --> 01:17:52,380
astronauts up to fit but not being able

1659
01:17:55,310 --> 01:17:54,210
to back sweat what's going to be about

1660
01:17:59,330 --> 01:17:55,320
million miles away

1661
01:18:06,620 --> 01:17:59,340
not these Inhumans to fix it so space is

1662
01:18:09,290 --> 01:18:06,630
hard but we do have so right now at NASA

1663
01:18:10,880 --> 01:18:09,300
there are studies going on these teams

1664
01:18:15,320 --> 01:18:10,890
of astronomers that have gotten together

1665
01:18:19,610 --> 01:18:15,330
and are studying specific concepts for

1666
01:18:21,620 --> 01:18:19,620
the next big telescope so there are four

1667
01:18:24,440 --> 01:18:21,630
these teams and they're each focused on

1668
01:18:28,880 --> 01:18:24,450
different things one is study an x-ray a

1669
01:18:31,970 --> 01:18:28,890
focus telescope one study giant tools go

1670
01:18:34,670 --> 01:18:31,980
that would focus in on exoplanets I want

1671
01:18:37,610 --> 01:18:34,680
to study a different browner telescope

1672
01:18:40,130 --> 01:18:37,620
and I wanted to study a basically a sort

1673
01:18:42,980 --> 01:18:40,140
of a Super Bowl that would do sort of

1674
01:18:44,480 --> 01:18:42,990
you need to infrared actual physics in

1675
01:18:53,470 --> 01:18:44,490
space that will be even bigger than wet

1676
01:19:02,180 --> 01:18:57,040
[Music]

1677
01:19:04,760 --> 01:19:02,190
the W first launches again mid 2020s is

1678
01:19:08,810 --> 01:19:04,770
what we hope so this is next week

1679
01:19:11,959 --> 01:19:08,820
telescope will be selected in the next

1680
01:19:14,419 --> 01:19:11,969
seven years so these big big telescopes

1681
01:19:16,459 --> 01:19:14,429
like Hubble and Webb W first our

1682
01:19:19,010 --> 01:19:16,469
Germany's blanketed everything in here

1683
01:19:20,540 --> 01:19:19,020
so these are part what's called decade

1684
01:19:22,939 --> 01:19:20,550
old survey that some of you may have

1685
01:19:25,250 --> 01:19:22,949
heard of so every 10 years astronomers

1686
01:19:28,340 --> 01:19:25,260
from around the world get together and

1687
01:19:30,410 --> 01:19:28,350
ask what are our biggest questions so

1688
01:19:34,879 --> 01:19:30,420
they cry over time to these astronomy

1689
01:19:36,890 --> 01:19:34,889
questions and then they finally agree on

1690
01:19:38,300 --> 01:19:36,900
them and he's come out these big

1691
01:19:40,490 --> 01:19:38,310
questions come out and what are called

1692
01:19:43,820 --> 01:19:40,500
decadal surveys astronomy take a survey

1693
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:43,830
and blew those big questions come the

1694
01:19:52,760 --> 01:19:45,810
technology that we need to answer the

1695
01:20:33,010 --> 01:19:52,770
questions so in that technology when it

1696
01:20:39,190 --> 01:20:37,240
in space a lot of good job moving around

1697
01:20:42,160 --> 01:20:39,200
like that - you can't absorb infrared

1698
01:20:43,870 --> 01:20:42,170
from the ground but large parts out that

1699
01:20:46,150 --> 01:20:43,880
our water completely blocked or

1700
01:21:04,240 --> 01:20:46,160
partially block at atmosphere which

1701
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:04,250
turns out for humans energy dark matter

1702
01:21:25,720 --> 01:21:06,410
is there any difference between those

1703
01:21:27,640 --> 01:21:25,730
two and nothing we know that we have all

1704
01:21:30,370 --> 01:21:27,650
these different lines of evidence for

1705
01:21:34,830 --> 01:21:30,380
both for dark energy interim higher on

1706
01:21:41,260 --> 01:21:34,840
the tell us that there is happy

1707
01:21:44,350 --> 01:21:41,270
observable effects on the universe so it

1708
01:21:47,110 --> 01:21:44,360
is something matter if dark matter is is

1709
01:21:50,260 --> 01:21:47,120
something that gravitationally interacts

1710
01:21:53,050 --> 01:21:50,270
with other matter and we observe that

1711
01:21:55,660 --> 01:21:53,060
so if dark matter is affected by gravity

1712
01:21:57,310 --> 01:21:55,670
in the handle we see that front of the

1713
01:21:59,260 --> 01:21:57,320
rotation curves of spiral galaxies we

1714
01:22:02,050 --> 01:21:59,270
see that from how galaxies and questions

1715
01:22:03,640 --> 01:22:02,060
move we see that from the lensing and

1716
01:22:05,230 --> 01:22:03,650
similarly with dark energy we see all

1717
01:22:08,230 --> 01:22:05,240
these different clues the points on

1718
01:22:11,620 --> 01:22:08,240
there's something out there is causing

1719
01:22:21,970 --> 01:22:11,630
the universe to behave so it is nothing

1720
01:22:37,649 --> 01:22:27,220
[Music]

1721
01:22:43,110 --> 01:22:40,439
us that if the space is not really empty

1722
01:22:45,030 --> 01:22:43,120
that it's sort of always fluctuating and

1723
01:22:46,740 --> 01:22:45,040
always had this out of this one of the

1724
01:22:48,780 --> 01:22:46,750
theories you know dark energy one of the

1725
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:48,790
candidates that Alice's it's sort of

1726
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:51,610
vacuum energy this part of the

1727
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:54,310
space-time that is because of just the

1728
01:23:10,740 --> 01:22:57,010
way it is it has quality of having this

1729
01:23:13,410 --> 01:23:10,750
energy so there was one group working on

1730
01:23:17,300 --> 01:23:13,420
an x-ray telescope but then way or way

1731
01:23:20,370 --> 01:23:17,310
to beginning there was an x-ray image of

1732
01:23:22,020 --> 01:23:20,380
the Crab Nebula so I'm wondering how

1733
01:23:25,040 --> 01:23:22,030
we've got that image and then also if

1734
01:23:38,149 --> 01:23:25,050
there if it's possible to be a gamma ray

1735
01:23:44,939 --> 01:23:42,270
Chandra and it's been up there a long

1736
01:23:47,669 --> 01:23:44,949
time so it's been doing very x-ray

1737
01:23:49,709 --> 01:23:47,679
astrophysics for a very long time so

1738
01:23:53,959 --> 01:23:49,719
yeah the image of show of the galaxy

1739
01:23:56,939 --> 01:23:53,969
clusters of the sort of pink blue so the

1740
01:23:59,760 --> 01:23:56,949
signatures of the gas in those galaxy

1741
01:24:02,399 --> 01:23:59,770
clusters it's really hot hot mountains

1742
01:24:03,660 --> 01:24:02,409
with minutes and the x-rays and so we do

1743
01:24:09,020 --> 01:24:03,670
have this awesome Chandra x-ray

1744
01:24:14,430 --> 01:24:09,030
telescope which has fabulous things

1745
01:24:17,459 --> 01:24:14,440
studying for the next thing surveys and

1746
01:24:20,920 --> 01:24:17,469
in yes we also have very small scales in

1747
01:24:24,220 --> 01:24:20,930
his face the very tools

1748
01:24:24,580 --> 01:24:24,230
is it's been up now gosh almost ten

1749
01:24:28,360 --> 01:24:24,590
years

1750
01:24:30,790 --> 01:24:28,370
decade only and it is primarily focus in

1751
01:24:33,490 --> 01:24:30,800
theatres so it's actually been a lot of

1752
01:24:36,100 --> 01:24:33,500
cool recent study and goal enough layers

1753
01:24:38,590 --> 01:24:36,110
cutting the details but of the money

1754
01:24:42,810 --> 01:24:38,600
waste return is looking for gamma rays

1755
01:24:49,800 --> 01:24:42,820
from these uh basically

1756
01:25:34,270 --> 01:25:31,480
interesting yes exoplanet arena come on

1757
01:25:36,880 --> 01:25:34,280
down arenal am Brady's I guess how you

1758
01:25:38,890 --> 01:25:36,890
pronounce relax close enough okay

1759
01:25:41,050 --> 01:25:38,900
she will take people across to the

1760
01:25:42,520 --> 01:25:41,060
Maryland Space Grant observatory if you

1761
01:25:45,850 --> 01:25:42,530
would like to look through the telescope

1762
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:45,860
and see what's up there and let us one

1763
01:25:48,940 --> 01:25:48,110
more time give amber a warm round of